PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud founder of psychoanalysis:

Psychoanalysis has developed in the late 19th

and early 20th century . Psychoanalysis was the child of Sigmund Freuds genius. Some of the basic tenets of Freuds psychoanalysis are : unconscious mental activity , role of childhood experiences in shaping the adult personality , the notion of psychic determination.

Life of Sigmund Freud :

Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, a small town of Moravia. When Freud was 4 years old, his father moved to Vienna with whole family. Following medical school he specialized in neurology and studied for a year in Paris. He also learned hypnosis while he was in France from August Liebault and hippolyte . After his education in France he went to Vienna and began clinical work with Hysterical patients. Between 1857 and 1897 his work with these patients led him to develop psychoanalysis. He died in London in 1939.

Beginnings of psychoanalysis:
In the decade from 1887 to 1897, Freud turned his attention to the serious study of the disturbances of his hysterical patients and in this period the beginnings of psychoanalysis took place. One of his patient was Anna O. who was before treated by Breuer , was then treated by Freud through the use of hypnosis as a routine part of his clinical practice. In 1889 Freud turned to Catharsis method , which he used in conjunction with hypnosis. Then he was not satisfied with this method and he switched to Free Association Inviting his patients to say whatever came in to there mind without censoring there thought.

During this period Freud was convinced that Childhood Sexual seductions played an important role in neurosis. Many of his patients reported such seductions by nursemaid , fathers and caretakers and according To Freud repressed memory of such sexual trauma caused Neurosis. Freuds self analysis also was instrumental in his deciphering of dreams and lead to the appearance in 1990 of perhaps the most monumental work , THE Interpretation Of Dreams

Interpretation of Dreams :
Freud became aware of the significance of the dreams when his patients frequently reported there dreams in the process of free association. He learned that dreams were definitely meaningful , even though meanings were sometimes hidden or disguised. Freud was struck by the intimate connection between dream content and unconscious memories or fantasies that were long repressed . This observation led Freud to declare that the interpretation of dreams was the loyal road to understanding the unconscious. Freud said that dreams is the disguised fulfillment of an unconscious childhood wish that is not readily accessible to conscious awareness in waking life. The analysis of dreams elicits material that has been repressed.

Topographical Model Of The Mind:

After the interpretation of dreams in 1900 Freud presented the topographical model of the mind, in which he divided the mind into three regions The Conscious is that part of the mind in which perceptions coming from the outside world or from within the body are brought into awareness. This is a subjective phenomenon whose content can be communicated only by means of language. The Preconscious is composed of those mental processes, and events that can be brought into conscious awareness by the act of focusing attention. The Unconscious its mental contents are kept from conscious awareness through repression .

Structural Theory Of Mind: Id: is the reservoir of unorganized instinctual drives.

Operating under the domination of the primary process, the id lacks the capacity to delay or modify the instinctual drives with which an infant is born. The id is responsible for our basic drives, "knows no judgements of value: no good and evil, no morality.

Ego: is the organised, realistic part. The ego acts

according to the reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the ids drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term. It helps us to organise our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us. The ego, driven by the id, confined by the superego, repulsed by reality tries to create a balance between these three.

Superego: The super-ego aims for perfection. It

comprises that organised part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions. "The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehaviour with feelings of guilt. The super-ego controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt. It helps us fit into society by getting us to act in socially acceptable ways.

Relationship between Id , Ego and Superego

Id (Ids drives)

Are Balanced By EGO

superego

Stage
Oral

AGE Range
Birth 1 year

Erogenou Consequences of s Zone psychological fixation

Mouth
Orally aggressive: chewing gum and the ends of pencils, etc. Orally Passive: smoking, eating, kissing Anal retentive: Obsessively eli organized, or excessively neat Anal expulsive: reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, Oedipus complex (in boys) Electra complex (in girls) Sexual unfulfillment if fixation occurs in this stage.

Anal

1- 3 years

Bladder mination Genitalia

Phallic

3-6 Years

Dormant Latenc 6y Puberty sexual feeling

Stages Of Psychosexual Development:

Oral Stage: (From birth to 1 year)- this Is the earlier stage of development in which the infants need, perceptions are primarily centered in the mouth ,lips, tongue, and other area related to the oral zone. Anal Stage: (1 to 3 years of age)- this is the age when toilet training is given to the children. If a child passes this stage then he moves to the next stage with a capacity of independence, self determining behavior. Phallic Stage: (3 year to 6 year)- this stage is characterized by the primary focus on sexual interest. Oedipus Conflict is found in boys and Electra conflict in girls. They are attracted toward opposite sex parents. Phallic stage provides the sense of sexual curiosity.

Latency Stage: (6 years till puberty i.e.: 11 to 13

years)At this stage sexual drive becomes inactive . This is the period of development of important skills , the child can develop the sense of satisfaction and mastery from his work.

Genital Stage: (puberty till death)- at this stage a

sense of personal identity is established, becomes independent , cultural values are developed.

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-SUBMITTED BY UZAINA