Chapter 3: Matter and Minerals

What is Matter?
Matter the substance of which any physical
object is composed
States of Matter:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
ControIIing factors:
Temperature
Pressure
ExampIes: Gold Mercury Oxygen
solid liquid gas
%he stuff that makes up aII matter
%he make-up of soIid matter on Earth:
Atoms EIements Compounds MineraIs Rocks
smallest) largest)
EIements:
fundamental building blocks
smallest matter that can't be broken down
!eriodic %abIe of EIements
%he stuff that makes up aII matter
%he make-up of soIid matter on Earth:
Atoms EIements Compounds MineraIs Rocks
smallest) largest)
Atoms:
the stuff that builds elements
the smallest particle that uniquely defines an element
Atomic Structure
!articIes that make up an atom:
!rotons: positive ) charge
Neutrons: no charge
EIectrons: negative ) charge
Protons neutrons define the nucIeus of an atom.
Layers of electrons that orbit around the nucleus
are called orbitaIs or energy-IeveI sheIIs.
Atomic Structure
S
These are called isotopes.
xample: Carbon)
12
C
13
C
14
C
!eriodic %abIe of EIements
Atomic Number (# of protons)
Mass number = # protons # neutrons
Can atoms of the same element have
different mass numbers?
Atomic weight =
# protons average # neutrons
Atomic Structure
Atoms of the same eIement:
have the same number of protons
i.e., same atomic number)
can have different numbers of neutrons
referred to as isotopes)
can have different numbers of electrons
on an atom that has gained or lost an electron
Atomic Structure
Sodium atom
loses an electron
becomes positively
charged)
Chlorine atom
gains an electron
becomes negatively
charged)
Atomic Structure
%ypes of NS:
CATONS a loss of electrons, resulting
in a positive ) charge
ANONS a gain of electrons, resulting
in a negative ) charge
amples: Na

cation) Cl

anion)
NaCl table salt)
chemical compound
Compounds
Definition:
A chemicaI compound consists of elements
that combine in a specific ratio.
amples: NaCl H
2
O
The smallest quantity of a compound is
called a moIecuIe.
Molecules are held together by chemicaI
bonding.
onding - chemical matrimony
ChemicaI bonding:
formation of a compound by combining two or
more elements
manner in which electrons are distributed
among atoms
n bonded atoms, electrons may be lost,
gained, or shared.
4 types of bonding:
ionic covalent metallic van der Waals
onding - chemical matrimony
onic bonding:
electrons are transferred between atoms
forming attracting ions e.g., NaCl)
Na

Cl

onding - chemical matrimony

onic bonding:
orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions
bonds are moderately strong salt dissolves in water)
!eriodic %abIe of EIements
onding - chemical matrimony
CovaIent bonding:
electrons are shared between atoms
generally strong
bonds
e.g., diamond, pure C)
Chlorine gas molecule, Cl
2
onding - chemical matrimony
MetaIIic bonding:
electrons drift around from atom to atom
e.g., copper, gold, silver)
good conductors of electrical current
generally weaker, less common than other bonds
Gold, Au
onding - chemical matrimony
'an der WaaIs bonding:
sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together
by weak electrostatic forces
very weak bonds
eamples: graphite, mica
What kind of bonding do you prefer?
n a covaIent worId. n an ionic worId.
Atoms EIements Compounds MineraIs Rocks
smallest) largest)
%he stuff that makes up aII matter
%he make-up of soIid matter on Earth:
MineraIs: the buiIding bIocks of rocks
Definition of a MineraI:
naturally occurring
inorganic
solid
characteristic crystalline structure
definite chemical composition
Definition of a Rock:
A solid aggregate mixture) of minerals
MineraI characteristics
Definition of a MineraI:
1. naturally occurring
2. inorganic
3. solid
4. characteristic crystalline structure
5. definite chemical composition
steel plastic sugar table salt mercury ice coal
basalt obsidian mica gold paper chalk coral
no, #1 no, #1 no, #1,2 S! no, #3 S! no, #2
no, #5 no, #4 S! S! no, #1,2 no, #2 no, #2
MineraI characteristics
NaturaIIy formed
No substance created artificially is a mineral.
eamples: plastic, steel, sugar, paper
norganic
Anything formed by a living organism and
containing organic materials is not a mineral.
eamples: wood, plants, shells, coal
SoIid
Liquids and gases are not minerals.
eamples: water, petroleum, lava, oxygen
MineraI characteristics
Characteristic crystaIIine structure
must have an ordered arrangement of atoms
displays repetitive geometric patterns in 3
glass not a mineral no internal crystalline structure)
Definite chemicaI composition
must have consistent chemical formula
eamples: gold Au), quartz SiO
2
), orthoclase AlSi
3
O
8
)
basalt like many other rocks) contains variable ratios
of different minerals; thus, has no consistent formula
Only ~30 occur commonly whew!)
Why not more?
$ome combinations are chemically impossible
Relative abundances of elements don't allow more
ow many mineraIs are there?
NearIy 4,000 types of mineraIs
EIement abundances in the crust
All others: 1.5%