Perception

Was a staunch Catholic Sang in the church choir Took singing lessons Wanted to become a priest Was a good artist Gave his share of orphans benefits to his sister Carl Jung (1937) remarked: "Behind this handwriting I recognize the typical characteristics of a man with essentially feminine instinct." IQ 141

Never went to Church Never acquired church membership Had no formal education Lost his job Suffered from depression Had a nervous breakdown Failed in business Lost elections IQ 128

HITLER

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Who would you vote for?

What is Perception

Act of seeing what is there to be seen

Definitions
Perception:

Process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. organisation and interpretation of information

Selection, What

one perceives may be different from perceived reality. However, the world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important. influencing perception: The perceiver The target The situation

Factors

The Perceiver

When an individual looks at the target and attempts to interpret what he/she observes, that interpretation is heavily influenced by the person characteristics of the individual You purchase a new car and suddenly notice many of similar models around If hungry, you notice food outlets around you. Plastic surgeon notices an imperfect nose!!

.When you learn a new word, you suddenly find it popping up in whatever you read!
Your expectations can distort your perceptions.

The Target

Characteristics of the target being observed can affect what is perceived

Loud people more likely to be noticed

People dressing different from the crowd are noticed. Motion, sounds, size, and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it. Also the relationship of the target to the background: Objects that are close to each other tend to be perceived together rather than separately. Persons, objects, or events that are similar to each other also tend to be grouped together.

The situation

The context in which we see objects or events is important.

Elements in the surrounding environment influence our perception.

E.g. a lady dressed in an evening gown and makeup in a management class. The time at which an object or event is seen can influence your attention.

Intensity
Contrast Size Repetition Motion

Novelty & Familiarity

Perceptual Selectivity

Figure Ground
Perceptual Grouping
Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity

Perceptual Constancy

Perceptual Context

Perceptual Organisation

Theories
Attribution: We judge people differently, depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behaviour.

Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience & attitudes.
Halo / Horn effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. Contrast effects: Evaluation of a person affected by comparison with another recently met. Projection: Attributing ones own characteristic to other Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.

Stereotyping Process
Develop social categories & assign traits to them
Assign person to a social category on basis of observable behavior Assign social categories cluster of traits to person

A model that explains Self-perception & Social perception in terms of an individuals unique characteristics (personal identity) and membership in various social groups (Social Identity)

Social Identity Theory

Internal Attribution
Frequently High Consistency Frequently Low Distinctiveness Seldom Low Consensus

How often did the individual act this way in the past

How often does the individual act this way in other settings

How often do other people act this way in similar settings

Seldom Low Consistency

Seldom High Consistency

Frequently High Consensus

External Attribution

Poor Performance Co-workers also performing poorly Does not perform well only at specific time Performs other tasks well Co-workers performing well Does not do well anytime Performs all tasks poorly

Information / Observation High Consensus Low Consistency High Distinctiveness Low Consensus

Attribution

External Factors (Situational or Environment al)

High Consistency Low Distinctiveness

Internal Factors (Personal)

Define the problem Identify the Decision Criteria Allocate weights to the criteria Develop the alternatives Evaluate the alternatives Select the best alternative

Rational Decision Making Process

Making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity
Overconfidence Bias Anchoring Bias Confirmation Bias Availability Bias Representation Bias

Bounded Rationality

Utilitarian

Rights
Justice

Ethics in decision making..\corporate 11.wmv