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Lecture 01
Course Conducted by Shuvodip Das, Lecturer, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Prime University, Dhaka.
Introduction
Previously we studied DC circuits. Where Current and Voltage are fixed in magnitude except for transient effects. Which was called DC current and DC voltage. AC i.e alternating or time varying quantities are used mainly for commercial supplies. The term alternating indicates only that the waveform alternates between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence.
Waveforms
Sources of AC Power
Note: Vertical scaling is in volts or amperes and horizontal scaling is in units of time. Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by lowercase letters (e1, e2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average, or mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters (such as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for the voltage drop across a load). Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from the zero-volt level. For the waveform of Fig. , the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the average value of the function is zero volts.
Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks. Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval. The waveform of Fig. 13.3 is a periodic waveform. Period (T ): The time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic waveform (the period T1 T2 T3 in Fig. 13.3), as long as successive similar points of the periodic waveform are used in determining T.
PHASE RELATIONS
The terms lead and lag are used to indicate the relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency plotted on the same set of axes. In Fig. 13.25, the cosine curve is said to lead the sine curve by 90, and the sine curve is said to lag the cosine curve by 90. The 90 is referred to as the phase angle between the two waveforms. In language commonly applied, the waveforms are out of phase by 90.
Average amplitude is the mathematical "mean" of all a waveform's points over the period of one cycle. For a sine wave, the average value so calculated is approximately 0.637 of its peak value.
Average Voltage, VAV = VPK x 0.637 or Average Current, IAV = IPK X 0.637
The form factor of an AC waveform is the ratio of its peak (crest) value to its average value.