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ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
Course No. 1
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BIBLIOGRAFIE:
1. Petrescu L., s.a. GEOMETRIE DESCRIPTIVA SI
GRFIC INGINEREASC, Ed. BREN, Bucuresti, 1997.
2. Petrescu L. GEOMETRIE DESCRIPTIVA partea
I - a, Ed. BREN, Bucuresti, 2004..
3. Frederick E. Giesecke, Alva Mitchell s.a.
TECHNICAL DRAWING , Mecmillan Publishing
Company, New York, 1986.
4. Herbert W. Yankee ENGINEERING GRAPHICS ,
PWS Engineering Publishers, Boston, 1985.
PETRESCU LIGIA confereniar doctor inginer
Departament
GRAFIC INGINEREASC I DESIGN INDUSTRIAL
ligiapetrescu @yahoo.com
0742181465
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The engineering thinking and
creation combines spatial
imagination, spatial situations
analysis and synthesis, with the
engineering art and with an own
language of communication.
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The representation of a real or an
imaginary object, of an idea that
exist in the mind of the engineer
or designer before becoming
reality, executed either on a
classical support (paper), or on a
modern one (computers screen),
is realized in a graphic way.
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Although different languages are
spoken throughout the World, a
universal language existed from
ancient times, the graphic
language. This natural,
elementary mean of idea
communication is limitless both in
space and time.
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The engineering graphics is more
than a language, it is a whole
conception of space and of the
spatial object representation; it is
the solutions source of the spatial
problems and situations. Thats
why the engineering graphics is
a science.
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The components of this science
are:
Descriptive geometry
Technical drawing
Computer graphics (computer
aided drawing).
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1.2.1 SHEETS (FORMATS) SR ISO 5457-
94 (STAS 1-84). The support of the drawings is
rectangular The sheet can be set vertically (Fig. 1.1-a), or
horizontally, meaning on the long side (Fig. 1.1-b), their
indexing being done as in the presented examples:





A(ab) A(ba)
a). b).
Fig. 1.1
a
b
a
b
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Preferred sheets Exceptional sheets

A0 841 1189 A02 1189 1682
A1 594 841 A13 841 1793
A2 420 594 A23 594 1261
A3 297 420 A24 594 1682
A4 210 297 A25 594 2102
Special sheets A35 420 1482
A36 420 1783
A33 420 891 A37 420 2080
A34 420 1189 A46 297 1261
A43 297 630 A47 297 1471
A44 297 841 A48 297 1682
A45 297 1051 A49 297 1892

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Fig. 1.2

20

10

Frame (border
line)
Title block
A(ba)

Zone for
binding in a
file
2
9
7

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1.2.2 LINES STAS 103-84. Taking into
account the destination, there are two
thicknesses of lines that can be used:
Thick or heavy
(thickness=b);
thin or fine (b/3 or b/2).

The line thickness depends on the dimensions and
complexity of the parts to be drawn, as well on the
purpose and size of the drawing. For b there are
given the values: 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7;
1; 1,4; 2; 2,5; 3,5; 5.
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The following types of lines are used as they
are needed:
continuous line
wavy line
zigzag line
dashed line
dash dot line
heavy open dash dot line
two dots dash line
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1.2.3 LETTERING SR ISO 3098/1-93 (STAS 186-
86). The character of lines and the lettering gives
the drawing what is known as technique, a phase
of drafting which is too often neglected. The height
of the capitals or of the figures (numbers), defines
the size of the lettering by h: 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10;
14; 20. It is permitted the use like slant the vertical
writing or the inclined writing at 75 degrees, and
like shape, a normal one (10/10
x
h the height of
capitals, and the thickness of the writing line
h/10), or a longed one (14/14
x
h, the thickness of
the writing line h/14).
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1.2.4 TITLE BLOCK (INDICATOR) SR ISO 7200-94
(STAS 282-87).
the identification zone -: - the registration number or
identification of the
drawing;
- the name of the drawing;
- the name of the legal owner
of the drawing.
the zone of supplementary information: - indicative;
- technical;
- administrative.
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TITLE BLOCK
Name Sign.
(Material)
- (Drawing No.)
(Student
No.)
Student
Professor
(Mass)
-(Fac. Year Group)
121 E
(Scale)
1:1
- (Drawing Name)
(Date) 06.10.11
170
20 25 15 25 15
2
0

1
0

5

5

A(b x a)
Fig. 1.3
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1.3 GENERAL NOTIONS ABOUT
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS
In the technical field the drawing is used as
means of communication.
The shape is best described through
projection, a procedure of getting an image by
rays of observation or of sight. The direction of
the rays can be parallel (when the observer is
located at an infinite distance from the object),
or conic (if the distance is a finite one), leading
to get parallel projections, or central
(perspective) projections (Fig. 1.4 - a and b).
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parallel projection central (perspective)
projection
a).
b).
Fig. 1.4
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SYSTEMS OF PROJECTIONS
A system of projection is compound by
four elements:
the observers eye;
the rays formed by lines of sight;
the object to be projected;
the plane of projection.
According to the space order of these four elements there
are two principal systems of projections:
European system (fig. 1.5)
American system (fig. 1.6).
the observers
eye
(at the )
the object
opaque
projection
plane
rays
Fig. 1.5
the observers
eye
(at the )
the object
transparent
projection
plane
rays
Fig. 1.6
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The graphic representations used in technique,
impose a very good knowledge of elementary
geometry (plane and spatial), of the descriptive
geometry, and of the technical drawing.
Descriptive Geometry establishes laws which are
to enable the representation of spatial objects and
of spatial situations. These laws (rules) are coming
directly from the elementary geometry.
Technical drawing relies on orthogonal
(orthographic) projection, which supplies the best
conditions for describing shape of an object, and it
is best fitted to make dimensioning, which is the
second function of a technical drawing.
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1.3.2 COMPUTER GRAPHICS. Charles Babbage, an
English mathematician, developed the idea of a mechanical
digital computer in the 1830s, and many of the principles
used in Babbages design are the basis of todays
computers. The computer appears to be a mysterious
machine, but it is nothing more than a tool that just
happens to be a highly sophisticated electronic device. It is
capable of data storage, basic logical functions, and
mathematical calculations. Computer applications have
expanded human capabilities to such an extent that
virtually every type of business and industry utilizes a
computer, directly or indirectly.
The first demonstration with a computer, as a tool of
drawing and design, was made at the Institute of
Technology of Massachusetts, in 1963, by Dr. Eng. Ivan
Sutherland, with his system called Sketchpad.
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The CAD (Computer Aided Design or Drawing)
techniques, using specialized programs led to the
increase of the quality of realism contained in the
drawing realized by means of computer.
The computer is able to do many things, very
quickly, but it is still an electronic equipment,
without brains, at least for the moment. It cannot
think and cannot do anything more or anything less
than what it was told to do. A CAD system is not
creative, but it can help a lot the user to become
more productive, earn time. The creator is the
man with his so-called limit of his incompetence.
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0x
b.
c.
x
0
[V]
[H]
[V]
[H]
D I D II
D IV
D III
D I
D II
D III
D IV
A
a b c
B
C
[P]
a.
Fig. 2.1
THE SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
DIHEDRALS
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TRIHEDRALS


















x
z
y
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T8
[H] [V] = - abscises axis
[H] [L] = - depth axis
[V] [L] = - quotas axis;
Fig. 2.2
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x
z
y
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
A
a
x
a

z
a

a
a
y
a

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T8
Fig. 2.4
abscisa x x Aa
depth y y Aa
quota z z Aa
a
a
a
= =
= =
= =
0 "
0 '
0
a horizontal projection
a - verticalprojection
a- lateral projection
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
x + + + + - - - -
y + - - + + - - +
z + + - - + + - -
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x
z
y
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
a
x
a

z
a

a
a
y
1a

y
a

y
1

a is defined by the coordinates pear (x,y);
a - is defined by the coordinates pear (x,z);
a - is defined by the coordinates pear (y1,z);

Fig. 2.5
EPURA
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z
a1

x
a1

y
1a1


a
1

a
1

a
1

y
a1

z
x
0
y
1

y

a
2


a
2

y
a2

y
1a2

z
a2

x
a2

a
2

z
x
0
y
1

y
a. - A
1
(20, 40, 30)

b. - A
2
(20, -40, 30)

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c. A
3
(20, - 40, -30)
x
a4

y
1a4

a
4

y
a4

z
x
0
y
1

y
z
a4

a
4
a
4

d. A
4
(20, 40, -30)


a
3


a
3

y
a3

z
a3
a
3

x
a3

z
x
0
y
1

y
y
1a3
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x
a5

a
5

a
5

z
a5

y
1a5

a
5

y
a5

z
x
0
y
1

y
e. A
5
(-20, 40, 30)
y
a6


a
6

z
a6

x
a6


a
6


a
6

y
1a6

z
x
0
y
1

y
f. A
6
(-20, - 40, 30)

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g. A
7
(-20, - 40, -30)

Y
0
z
z
a7

x
a7

y
1a7

a
7

a
7

a
7

y
a7

y
1

x
h. A
8
(-20, 40, -30)

Fig. 2.6
a
8

z
a8

a
8

y
1a8

y
a8

z
x
0
y
1

y
a
8
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x
z
y
[V]
[H]
[L]
0=k=m=n
H=h
K=k=k
v
M=m=m
l
L=l
h
v
N=n=n
V=v
l
h
Fig. 2.7
PARTICULAR POSITION OF A POINT
H(x, y, 0)
V(x, 0, z)
L(0, y, z)
K(x, 0, 0)
M(0, y, 0)
N(0, 0, z)
H [H]
V [V]
L [L]
K [H] [V]
M [H] [L]
N [V] [L]

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Given the point A1(20; -40; 30), represent epura of A1 and A2, its symmetrical to the origin. To
what trihedral these points belong? Solution: the coordinates of the point A2are obtained by
changing the sign of the point A1 all coordinates A2(-20; 40; -30). A1eT2, and A2eT8 (Fig.
2.8)
y
a1

z
a1

x
a1
y
1a1

a
1

a
1

a
1

x
a2

z
a2

y
a2

y
1a2

a
2

a
2

a
2

z
x 0
y
1

y
Fig. 2.8
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3 STRAIGHT LINE IN DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY
y
x
z
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
H=h
h
h
v
d
D
d
V=v
L=l
v
l
d
l
Fig. 3.1

); ; ; 0 ( ; ] [
); ; 0 ; ( ; ] [
) 0 ; ; ( ; ] [
z y L L L D
z x V V V D
y x H H H D
=
=
=

32
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3.1 LINE TRACES. POINT LOCATED ON A STRAIGHT LINE.

e
e
e
e
; " d " m
; ' d ' m
; d m
D M
y
x
z
[V]
[H]
[L]
0
m
x
m

z
m

m
m
y
m1

y
m

y
1

L=l
V=v
l
v
l
v
h
h
H=h
d
d
d
y=0
x=0
x=0
z=0
y=0
z=0
Fig. 3.2
); ; ; 0 ( ; ] [
); ; 0 ; ( ; ] [
) 0 ; ; ( ; ] [
z y L L L D
z x V V V D
y x H H H D
=
=
=

33
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1. Given the point A(40; 30; 50), change the abscissa, depth
and quota of A, to make it belong to every eight trihedrals.
Represent these B, C, D, E, F, G, and I points in epura.

2. Given the point A(50; 20; -30) represent it in epura
together with the points
B symmetrical of A to [H];
C - symmetrical of A to [V];
D - symmetrical of A to [L];
E - symmetrical of A to 0x;
F - symmetrical of A to 0y;
G - symmetrical of A to 0z.
HOME WORK HW- 01: POINTS PROJECTIONS
1 2
35 28-Apr-12
LAB L- 01: POINTS AND STRAIGHT LINES
1. Represent in epura the points: H(40; 30; 0), V(20; 0; 40), L(0; 40;
25), K(30; 0; 0), M(0; 40; 0), N(0; 0; 30), T(0; 0; 0). Where belongs
every point ?
2. They are given the points: A(70; 50; 35) and B(45; 15; 25). Obtain the
traces H and V of the line define by the points A and B.
3. They are given the points: A(10; 25; 40), B(35; 5; 10) and M(70; 50;
40). Construct the rhombus [ABCD], if one of its diagonals is located
on the line defined by the points A and M.
1 3
2