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GUIDE
Dr.D.KALPANA, SCIENTIST, BY
• Introduction
• Hybrid supercapacitors
• Synthesis of LiMn2O4 and the same multidoped
with Ni, Co and Cu
• Physical characterization - XRD, SEM, FTIR
• Cell Fabrication
Electrochemical
Characterization
techniques
• Cyclic voltammetry
• Galvanostatic charge-discharge
• Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Cyclic Voltammetry
Before cycles:
LiMn2O4 LiCo0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Mn1.25O4
0.0010
current(A)
current(A)
0.0000
-0.0005
-0.0005
-0.0010
-0.0010
-0.0015
2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000
Voltage (mV) voltage(mV)
Cyclic Voltammetry
After 5000 cycles:
LiMn2O4 LiCo0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Mn1.25O4
0.0010 0.0010
1mV/s 1mV/s
2mV/s 2mV/s
5mV/s 5mV/s
0.0005 0.0005
current(A)
current(A)
0.0000 0.0000
-0.0005 -0.0005
-0.0010 -0.0010
2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000
voltage(mV) voltage(mV)
Cyclic Voltammetry
Scan rate = 5mV/s
LiMn2O4 LiCo0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Mn1.25O4
current(A)
0.0000 0.0000
-0.0005 -0.0005
-0.0010 -0.0010
-0.0015 -0.0015
2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000
voltage(mV) voltage(mV)
Cyclic Voltammetry
Scan rate = 5mV/s
0.0010
LiMn O 0.0010
LiMn2O4
2 4
Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O4
Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O4
0.0005
0.0005
current(A)
current(A)
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0005
-0.0005
-0.0010
-0.0015 -0.0010
2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000 2000 1000 0 -1000 -2000
voltage(mV) voltage(mV)
Formula used
Average current
Specific capacitance =
Scan rate x Weight
Cyclic Voltammetry
Results
Specific capacitance of
Specific capacitance of LiMn2O4
LiMn1.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25O4
(F/g)
Condition ( F/g)
Before
34 31 29 22 20 19
cycles
After 5000
27 22 18 18 16 15
cycles
Charge-Discharge Profiles of
LiMn2O4
Current density = 500µA/cm2
2.4 2.4
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.4
voltage in V
Voltage(V)
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150
2.0 2.0
cycle no.3 after
1.8 1.8 5000 cycles
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2
Voltage(V)
1.2
voltage in V
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0
6300 6350 6400 6450 6500 6550 6600 6650 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Time(sec) Time in s
Formulae used
Current x Voltage
Specific Power = weight
LiMn2O4 LiMn1.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25O4
Condition
Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific Specific
capacitance power energy capacitance power energy
F/g kW/kg kWh/kg F/g kW/kg kWh/kg
Before
14.55 200 21.98 5.36 110 5.8
cycles
After 5000
7.85 200 11.83 4.17 110 4.58
cycles
Columbic efficiency Vs Cycles
Coulombic efficiency = discharge time/charging time
100
Coulombic efficiency (%)
LiMn2O4
Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O4
90
80
70
800 LiMn2O4
Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O4
700
600
500
400
300
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
No of cycles
Specific capacitance Vs Cycles
Specific Capacitance (F/g)
20
16
LiMn2O4
Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O
4
12
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
No of cycles
Electrochemical Impedance
spectroscopy
Before cycles: After 5000 cycles:
-800
-8 LiMn2O4 LiMn2O4
-700
Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O4 Li(CoNiCu)0.25Mn1.25O4
-600
-6
-500
Zim(ohm)
Zim(ohm)
-400
-4
-300
-2 -200
-100
0
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 -200 0 200 400 600 800
Zre(ohm) Zre(ohm)
Impedance results
LiMn2O4 LiMn1.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25O4
Condition
Before
5.128 0.2917 2.98 5.043 0.2394 3.14
cycles
After 5000
7.829 278 0.195 6.573 122.4 0.59
cycles
Structure Vs capacity fading
LiMn2O4 Li2Mn2O4
CUBIC TETRAGONAL
[a=b=c]
• This crystallographic distortion, which results
in a 16% increase in the c/a ratio of the unit
cell parameters
• Commercially
successful
Chemical Weight
LiNO3 6.9 g
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 29.1 g
Glycine ( C2H5NO2) 15 g
Chemical Weight
LiNO3 13.8 g
Al(NO3)2.9H2O 15 g
Co(NO3)2.6H2O 46.56 g
Glycine ( C2H5NO2) 30 g