INTERNET

What is the internet?

A system of interconnected computers that share information.

There are different ways to share information over the internet. The world wide web (www) is just one of them.

What can you do on the internet?

Send and receive e-mail Search for information Join discussion groups using chat or email Shop online Read newspapers, magazines, and books Watch TV shows and movies

How the internet works

Your computer uses some kind of data connection (phone, cable, or wireless) to connect to an internet service provider (ISP).

Connecting to the internet

Dial-up/modem - Uses a phone line and a modem. When youre on, your phone is busy. DSL runs through your phone line, but your phone line is available. Cable operated by the cable company. No need to subscribe to cable TV. Wireless/satellite operates over radio waves

The Domain Name System

The domain name system is usually used to translate a host name into an IP address .
Domain names comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique, yet easy to remember.

DNS Hierarchy
edu rpi albany com org jp

Host name structure

Each host name is made up of a sequence of labels separated by periods.

Each

label can be up to 63 characters The total name can be at most 255 characters.

Examples:
whitehouse.gov barney.thepurpledinosaur.com monica.cs.rpi.edu

Top Domain Names Registries

.com Commercial (36,352,243) .net Networks .edu Educational .jp, .us, .de Countries each have a top level domain (2 letter
domain name).

.org Organizations (1,267,662) .gov, .ru, .cn .in

INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)

Protocols set of rules to send information on a network. IP

Manages

the data to be transmitted over the internet into packets or envelopes principal communications protocol used for relaying datagrams (packets) across an internetwork delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses.

IP ADDRESS

Every machine on the internet has a unique IP address 32 bit numbers, normally expressed as four octets in a dotted decimal number. 202.137.234.20 Each section can range from 0 to 255 IP addresses are unique. No two machines can have the same IP number. IP addresses are also global and standardized.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Provides reliable, ordered delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer to another program on another computer TCP is a transport layer protocol used by applications that require guaranteed delivery TCP establishes a full duplex virtual connection between two endpoints. Each endpoint is defined by an IP address and a TCP port number.

For example,
when an HTML file is sent to you from a Web server, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) program layer in that

server divides the file into one or more packets, numbers the
packets, and then forwards them individually to the IP program layer. Although each packet has the same

destination IP address, it may get routed differently through

the network. At the other end (the client program in your computer), TCP reassembles the individual packets and waits until they have arrived to forward them to you as a single file.

COMMUNICATION DEVICES
MODEM

MOdulator and DEModulator Internal or external Digital of source computer to analog symbols (Modulation) Analog to Digital symbols for receiving computer (Demodulation)

MODEM

TELEPHONE NETWORK

MODEM

SOURCE COMPUTER
MODULATION DEMODULATION

RECEIVING COMPUTER

ROUTERS

Transmits data from one network to another network

Network B Network A
ROUTER ROUTER

SOURCE COMPUTER

ROUTER

Network C

ROUTER

Network D
RECEIVING COMPUTER

ISP Internet Service Provider

A company which provides internet services to individuals and firms and charges hourly, monthly or yearly fees for providing such services.

List if ISPs in India: http://www.ispai.in/ispaiview/organizationlist.php?cmd=resetall

Browsers:

Different programs (software) that allow you to navigate the WWW and see and hear text, graphics, sound, and video.
Internet explorer www.microsoft.com Firefox www.mozilla.com

How browsers work

You tell the browser which computer you want to connect to by typing in a website address (URL).

Your browser doesnt go anywhere. The page comes to you! (Thats why they call them web servers.)

Title Bar Menu Bar

Tool Bar Address Bar

Status Bar

Navigating
Back
Return to the previous page

Forward
Return to page you backed up from

Refresh
Reloads, or downloads the page again

Stop
Stops the browser from loading the page

Home
Takes you back to the home page

History
See the sites youve visited in the current or previous sessions

Print
Make a hard copy of the website

In newer versions of browsers, you can open more than one page in the same window.

Close Tab

Websites (AKA webpages)

-Can be a single page or collection of pages -Have an address (URL)
ex. http://www.macfast.org
* You need to type a URL exactly for your browser to locate the desired web page, otherwise you will access the wrong site or get an error message.

Searching
Locate information, businesses, organizations, or people on the WWW.
Go to the search engine web site and enter your search word(s). Sites may not be about the topic you want; your search word(s) may appear on the web page in a different context. Results are NOT everything on the web. At best you will be searching 25 - 35% of the web.

Popular Search Engines: www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.ask.com www.live.com

Most engines will surround results with advertisements or sponsored links.

Advertisements

Search
Results

E-mail

Electronic messages or letters, can include attachments such as pictures or sound files. Takes mere seconds to reach any destination. Most widely used application of the internet

Email Addresses: -Like URLs, must be typed exactly in order for the message to be delivered.

president@whitehouse.gov Recipients ID at Domain or host

Webmail vs. E-mail Client

Web based email or E-mail software such as Outlook

Webmail allows you to access email from any computer hooked up to the internet.

An

e-mail client will download messages to your computer so you can read them and compose new mail offline.

Signing up for a free e-mail account

Pick a provider: http://www.gmail.com

http://login.yahoo.com
http://www.hotmail.com Choose a username: Usually a combination of letters and numbers such as majestic452@hotmail.com Pick a password that you will remember: The most secure passwords are a combination of -

1. word(s) not found in the dictionary

2. numbers 3. symbols (!$&.*)

SENDING AND RECEIVING FILES

Cautions

Dont give out personal information Internet is not regulated, be prepared to see ideas and images that may offend you. When shopping, deal only with known, reputable firms that provide secure connections for purchasing transactions.
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