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Outlines
What is a software DSM system? Message-passing vs. Shared-memory How does it work? Memory Consistency Models Cache Coherence Implementation Levels Granularity
Message-passing
Point-to-point communication
Message-passing
Pthread
Thread 1 Lock A = A++; unlock Thread 2 Lock A = A++; unlock Thread 3 Lock A = A++; unlock
Interconnection network
Strict consistency
Definition: any read to memory location x returns the value stored by the most recent write operation to x. Impossible to DSM
P1: w(x)1 P2: R(x)1 ---------------------------------------- time
Definition: the result of any execution is the same as if the operations of all processors were executed in some sequential order, and the operations of each individual processor appear in this sequence in the order specified by its program. Any valid interleaving is acceptable behavior, but all processes must see the same sequence of memory reference.
Rules:
Before an ordinary access to a shared variable is performed, all previous acquires done by the process must have completed successfully. Before a release is allowed to be performed, all previous reads and writes done by the process must have completed.
Example: P1: Acq(L) w(x)1 w(x)2 Rel(L) P2: P3: Acq(L) R(x)2 Rel(L) R(x)?
Lazy release consistency (LRC) (TreadMarks, CVM) Scope consistency (ScC) (JIAJIA, JUMP)
Cache Coherence
Write invalidate
Suffer from false sharing Too expansive when many replicas Work best in application with tight sharing
Write update
Implementation Levels
Modifying OS kernel
IVY (SC): modifying the memory management unit (MMU) of OS to map between the shared virtual memory address space and the local memory. Linda, Orca Trademarks, CVM, JIAJIA, JUMP, Brazos
Language level
Granularity
Most DSM systems use a page-based granularity with 1K byte to 8K byte. Larger page size, better locality of reference
IVY Munin TreadMarks CVM Midway NCP2 Quarks softFLASH Cashmere-2L Brazos
Yale Rice Rice Maryland CMU UFRJ, Brail Utah Standford Rochester Rice
Shasta Mermaid
SC
(1KB 8KB) SC
Dsoftware DSM6K IBM Research Mirage JIAJIA Simple-COMA Blizzard-S Shrimp Linda Orca UCLA
SC SC ScC SC SC AURC SC SC
WI WI WI WI WI WU/WI Impl.dependent WU