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LOUDNESS
The loudness of a sound is a subjective effect and is defined as a Function of amplitude and frequency.
The loudness level is given in phones and is defined as being Numerically equal to sound pressure level in dB at 1000 Hz. The phones tells us about the subjective equality of various sounds. Therefore, a ration scale of loudenss, the sone scale, is used. One sone is defined as the loudness of 1 kHz tone of 40 dB (40 phon). A sound that is judged to be twice as loud as the reference sound Has a loudness of 2 sones.
Dr Hani Obeid - Applied Sciences University
= 1 + 2 + + Where: is loudness of the loudest band. F = 0.15 for third octave. 2 = 1.25 F= 0.2 for half octave. F= 0.3 for octave
2 = 1.4 1 band. 2 = 2 1
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A general equation for the relationship between loudness and Loudness level of pure tones in the linear region of the curve As follows:
ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT
As previously stated the architectural acoustics is the technology of designing Spaces, structures and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs. The architect must: 1. Establish his acoustical objectives (how quiet? Where?) 2. Include acoustical considerations in his preliminary planning & estimating. 3. Avoid acoustical pitfalls (shapes which cause echoes, focusing, standing waves,etc 4. Solve acoustical problems not requiring a specialist. 5. Define his acoustical problems for his consultants & engineers and integrate 6. Their work with elements of design.
Acoustical environment
Free Field
Enclosed Field
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The reflected field is the zone where some of the sound reaches the
The listener with a slight delay compared with direct sound, after reflection At one of the walls.
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Reflection of sound: sound can be reflected by hitting an object larger than one quarter wavelength of sound. > S is thickness of object.
Diffraction of sound: if the object is one quarter wavelength or slightly smaller, the sound is diffracted (bending around the object). Refraction of sound: refraction of sound occurs when sound passes from one medium to another. The laws of reflection: 1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
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ACOUSTICS OF A ROOM
When we put a sound source in an enclosed room, the sound will reach The listener directly from the source and via reflection from the room surfaces.
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The first sound is called direct sound and the second one is a reflected sound, which Reinforce the direct sound. If the sound is stopped from the source, the direct sound will fall to zero immediately, But the reflected sound will reverberate in the room for sometime. The reverberation process depends upon the room volume, surface area of the walls And the absorption characteristics of the room. If the time between direct & indirect sounds is less than 50 ms (this corresponds
To 17 m), the two sounds heard as one sound and the indirect sound reinforces
the direct. If the time is greater than 50 ms the indirect sound is heard as echo.
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Reverberation time is the period required for the sound pressure level To decrease 60 dB after the sound source has stopped.
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Cinema Theatre
Concert hall (light music) Concert hall (orchestra) Place of worship Restaurant/cafeteria Gym/swimming pool/sport hall multi[purpose room Industrial premises Lecture theatre
0.5 1.0
1.4 1.6 1.8
1.2 1.8
2 3 3.2 1.8 2.7
1.4 0.7
2 3 1.0
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3.1 2.8
4.2 4.9
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Shape of halls
There are three basic plans used for large halls: 1. Rectangular shape. 2. Fan shape. 3. Horse-shoe shape
In a hall which seats under 1000 people the shape is not so critical.
The traditional dimensions have the ratio Height: Width: Length 2 3 5
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Room Acoustics
Shape
Volume
Materials
Room Acoustics
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Reflect
Room Acoustics
Absorb
Sound re-enforcement
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ABSORPTION
Previously, we studied the effect of volume on reverberation time. Now, we will study the effect of absorption on reverberation time. We can control the value of reverberation time by using different Absorption characteristics. Absorbent may be divided into 3 main types: 1. Porous materials. 2. Membrane absorbers. 3. Helmholtz resonators.
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ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
Absorption coefficients are used to rate a materials Effectiveness in absorbing sound. The absorption coefficient is a measure of the efficiency Of a surface in absorbing sound. =
Where: A is absorption units, sabins or metric sabins. S is surface area, sq.ft or sq.m. is absorption coefficient.
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Mounting of Absorbents
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POROUS MATERIALS
Fiberboards, mineral wools, and insulation blankets. All have One important thing in common-their network of interlocking Pores. They act by converting sound energy into heat. Sound Absorption is far more efficient at high than low frequencies.
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People as absorbent
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HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR
A resonator is a special device which permits very high absorption at a given frequency known as the resonance frequency. A resonator consists of two main parts:
1. A cavity, defined by its volume (V), 2. A neck, characterized by its section (s) and length (l).
The resonance frequency is: = 2
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