QUANTITIES, UNITS, & MEASUREMENT

Chapter 2

By: Sheilla Miranda, ST Newton Peranginangin, ST

Uncertainty
Uncertainty is the spread of values on either side of a measurement. Uncertainty always occur in measurement. It is the natural behavior of measurement.

The Factors that caused Uncertainty

Human factor
Instrumental factors

Environmental factors

Human Factor

Human factor occurs at the moment we do the activity of measurement.

Instrumental factors
Measurement uncertainty caused by instrumental factors happens when the instruments used are damage or in inappropriate arrangement.

Environmental factors
The environmental factors that can cause measurement uncertainty are, for example temperature, atmospheric pressure, and air humidity.

How to reduce Uncertainty?

Using precise measurement devices Calibrating the measurement device prior to using Doing repetitive measurement

Error

Error is a deviation of the measured value from the true value.

How many types of error?

Random Error Systematic Error

Random Error
Random error is caused by subtle fluctuation in the conditions of measurements. It cannot be eliminated but can reduced by finding the average of all the readings obtained. When a set of readings has small random errors, it is precise.

Systematic Error
Systematic error causes a set of readings to be distributed either above or below the actual value. The error is predictable. When a set of readings has a small systematic error, it is accurate.

Case 1

Random Error: Small Systematic Error: Small (negligible)

Precise and Accurate

Case 2

Random Error: Large Systematic Error: Small (negligible)

Not Precise but Accurate

Case 3

Random Error: Small Systematic Error: Large (below actual value)

Precise but Inaccurate

Case 4

Random Error: Large Systematic Error: Large (below actual value)

Not Precise and Inaccurate

Significant Figures
Significant figures are the numbers obtained from measurement result, including the last numbers predicted. It consists of the numbers and the appraisal numbers based on the precision of the measuring tool used.

What is the rules to write Significant Figures

All non-zero figures are significant figures. All zeros lie between non-zero figures is significant figures. All zero on the right hand side of a non-zero figure are significant figures, unless there is a special explanation. All zeros used to determine the position of the decimal point are not significant figures.

Rounding Rules
The number that is bigger than 5 is rounded up. The number that is smaller than 5 is rounded down. The number of exact 5 is rounded up if the number before it is odd number and it is rounded down if the number before it is even.

Vernier Caliper

What is a Vernier Caliper?

A Vernier caliper is an instrument to measure length which is more accurate than a ruler, since it has the smallest scale of 0.1 mm.

How to Use a Vernier Caliper?

Look along the ten marks on the Preparation to take the Read thescale and reading, on the vernier centimeter mark To getthejaws lightly on thesimply Findthe millimeter millimeter the correct the Close item measurement, loosen the locking fixed scale the adjacent the previous marks on that is just to the scale, addwhich youthe left of fixed left of fixed scaleto want to your 0-mark this found digit to measure. screw and move the slider to check if until youthereading. scale. most on find the vernier vernier the 0-mark onthe two thatscale. the vernier scale works properly. nearly line up.

Micrometer

What is a Micrometer?
A micrometer screw gauge (micrometer) is an instrument to measure length which is more accurate than a ruler or a vernier caliper, because it has the smallest scale of 0.01 mm.

How to Use a Micrometer?

Place an object you will measure between two clips of the micrometer. Turn the micrometer cylinder until you feel pressure on the object. Turn the small cylinder at the edge if the handle until hear a click sound. Read the main scale passed by the turnable cylinder. Read the scale at the turn-able cylinder.

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