KINGDOM PLANTAE

Kingdom Plantae
Multi-cellular Autotrophic Eukaryotic Cell

walls made of cellulose Store food in the form of starch

 Have

chloroplasts containing chlorophyll Most are terrestrial although there are exceptions

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS

DIVISION Anthocerotophyta Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Pteridophyta Coniferophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta

MEANING Flower-horn plants Moss plants

COMMON NAME Hornworts Mosses Liverworts Ferns & Horsetails Conifers Cycads Ginkgo, Maidenhair Flowering plants

Marchantia plants
Fern plants Sap/pitch plants Palm plants Ginkgo plants Flower plant

BRYOPHYTES : Nonvascular Plants

No

vessels No stems Ex: Mosses and liverworts

TRACHEOPHYTES: Vascular Plants

Have

vessels to transport food and water They have roots, stems or leaves Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes

 Xylem:

transports water Phloem: transports food & nutrients

 SEEDLESS

PLANTS (e.g., ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce using spores.

 Seed

plants reproduce using seeds

SEED PLANTS

Gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed. "naked seeds" cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) needle like leaves usually stay green year round wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & evergreens

Angiosperms
They

have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination. flowering plants seeds are enclosed , usually in a fruit have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions Divided into two main groups:
Monocots & Dicots

Monocots
Angiosperms

have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) parallel veins on leaves 3 part symmetry for flowers fibrous roots Example: lilies, onions, corn, grasses, wheat Vascular tissue scattered

Dicots
Angiosperms

that have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) net veins on leaves flowers have 4-5 parts taproots Examples: trees and ornamental flowers Vascular tissue arranged in a ring

Success of Angiosperms
Transport

gametes over great distances. Efficient dispersal via fruit. Tough, water resistant leaves for survival in hostile environments.

POLLINATION
Birds

are attracted to red flowers. Bees can see colors that humans cannot. Moth-pollinated flowers are white and bloom at night.

Many insects are attracted to odors . Flowers are often shaped so that non-pollinators cannot reach nectar or pollen. For example, hummingbird-pollinated flowers are long, and shaped like the bill of a hummingbird. Wind-pollinated flowers are small, have no petals and little color and do not produce nectar.

Problems living in a terrestrial ecosystem

Support

- in water, the plant is held up. On land, a support system is required.

Getting Water and Nutrients

Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for collecting and transporting water. Plants developed root systems that can collect and transport water. Some plants have shallow roots which spread out to collect water. Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel to all parts of the plant and food made in the leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant.

Drying Out

Leaves are covered by a waterproof outer layer called the cuticle. Openings in the leaves called stomata allow passage of gases for photosynthesis but can be closed when it is too warm. Gymnosperms have very narrow leaves to minimize water loss.

Spreading Gametes
Spores

tiny reproductive cells are carried long distance by the wind Seeds
The embryo inside the seed is surrounded by a tough, drought-resistant, protective seed coat. Food packaged in the seed provides energy for the young plant until it can grow above the soil and begin photosynthesizing. Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal. Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to the fur of animals or are eaten.