27 April 2012

Deep Foundations
1
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
4
th
Year Civil
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
2
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
TYPES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
1- PILES
2- CAISSONS

3- PIERS

4-
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
3
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Piles are stiff members used to transmit surface
loads to the bearing strata.
Piles are classified to two categories according
to the method of load transfer:
1- End bearing piles:
Tip point carries most of the load.
.
2- Friction Piles:
Side friction carries most of the load.


27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
4
Pile Applications
Low
Weight
Soft to
Firm Clay
Large Distributed
Weight
Very Large Concentrated
Weight
Dense Sand
Strong Rock
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
5
Piles are used in:
1- Upper soil is weak,
compressible, or could
not support the surface
loads.
2- The loads are tension,
horizontal, or inclined.
3- Problematic soils;
Swelling soils giving
tension on the pile.
Collapsing soils, adding
down-drag forces on the
pile.
4- Scour under bridge
piers.

5- Temporary or Permanent
Excavation Side Support
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
6
Types of Pile Materials
Concrete
Timber
Steel H
Composite
Pre-cast
Concrete
Steel
Concrete
Steel
Pipe
Timber
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
7
Timber Piles
- Relatively inexpensive
- Usually limited to short lengths [though Douglas Fir
does come in longer lengths (higher expense)]
- Low capacity.
- Advantages: Easy handling, Non-corrosive material,
If permanently submerged then fairly resistant to
decay.
- Disadvantages: May require treatment to prevent
decay, insects, and borers from damaging pile.
Easily damaged during hard driving and
inconvenient to splice.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
8
Steel H-Piles
- Advantages: high axial working capacity.
Wide variety of sizes. Easy on-site
modifications. Fairly easy to drive, minimal
soil displacement, good penetration through
hard materials (with shoe).
- Disadvantages: high cost, potential delays in
delivery, relatively higher corrosion, noisy
driving, low bearing and friction areas.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
9
Steel Pipe Piles
May drive closed or open-ended.
Advantages: May be driven empty then filled
with cheaper material (concrete). Can
provide very high capacities. On-site
modifications easy.
Disadvantages: similar to H-piles with
additional itemmore difficult driving due
to soil displacement.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
10
Precast Concrete Piles
- May be prestressed to withstand driving
and handling stresses.
- Advantages: High capacity. Usually
durable and corrosion resistant in many
environments (not marine).
- Disadvantages: Handling, splicing, and
cutting more of a problem.
Transportation difficulties.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
11
- Piles are bored using drilling rig of internal
diameter allowing for casting the concrete till
the required depth.
- Casting of concrete starts with withdrawing
the drilling rig upwards.
- Capacity of about 100 ton
- Advantages: ease of changing lengths by
cutting or slicing the shell. Material costs
relatively low. Inspection possible.
- Disadvantage: not feasible in hard soils or
rock. Voids in concrete may be created.
Splicing problems after concreting.
Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
12
- Holes are drilled in the soil then filled with
bentonite slurry to support the sides.
- Steel reinforcements are then lowered to the
required level.
- Concrete casting is performed from bottom to
top with pumps.
- Bentonite slurry is then replaced by the
concrete and the slurry is desanded for reuse.
Cast-in-place Concrete Piles
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
13
Choice of Pile Type
The pile type is chosen according to:
- Load Capacity & Pile Spacing
- Constructability
- Soil stratigraphy
- Need for splicing or cutting
- Driving vibrations
- Driving speed.
- Performance
- Environmental suitability (corrosion)
- Availability
- Cost
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
14
Pile Load Transfer Mechanism
- Fairly complicated, though understandable.
-

.
- Changes with changes in load because friction along
shaft is fully mobilized when pile has displaced only
5-10 mm whereas maximum point resistance is not
fully mobilized until a movement of 10% of the pile
diameter (or width) for driven piles or even higher
in bored piles.
- ( 5 - 10 )
10 %
.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
15
Mobilization of Base and Shaft
Resistance
Shaft
2 - 5mm
Base
10 - 20% diam
Total
Displacement
Load
Shaft ??
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
16
Pile Failure Surface
D
f
Ground Surface
Arching Action
B
D
f
P
O
= oD
f
Zone of
Shear &
Volume
Decrease
P
ult


Failure Surface
Along the Shaft
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
17
End Bearing Piles
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
18
End bearing piles:
Transmit most of their
loads to the load bearing
layer (dense sand or
rock). Most of the pile
capacity inferred from
the end bearing point.



.
P
base


























Side Friction
End Bearing
Pile Load, P
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
19
Friction Piles:
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
20
Friction Piles:
Transmit most of their
load through the layers
through which the piles
pass, i.e., mostly through
the surface friction with
the surrounding soils.


.
P
base


End Bearing
Pile Load, P


Side Friction










27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
21
Individual Pile Capacity
Methods of Estimating Pile Load Capacity:
1- Static Analysis from the Shear Strength Parameters
1 - .
2- Dynamic Driving Formula
2 - .
3- Pile Load Test
3 - .
4- Field Tests: SPT, CPT, etc.
4 - .
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
22
PILE CAPACITY
1- Bearing capacity of piles from soil parameters:

Static Formula Method (Q
u
= Q
b
+ Q
s
)

Embedded
Length
= D
Q
u
= Ultimate Bearing
Capacity

Q
s
= fA
s
f = Unit Frictional Resistance
A
S
= Shaft Area (Pile surface area)
q
b
= Unit Bearing Capacity
A
b
= Area of Pile Base
Q
b
= q
b
A
b
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
23
Base Resistance
Q
b
= A
b
[c
b
N
c
] for Clay
Q
b
Q
b
= A
b
[P'
ob
N
q
] for Sand
A
b
= Area of Pile Base
N
c
= 9 for Piles in Clay
N
q
= Given in Tables
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
24
Shaft Resistance
Due to cohesion or friction or both
In cohesive soils : Q
sc
= A
s
. c
a
In friction soils: Q
sf
= A
s
.K
HC
P'
ob
tan o
P'
ob
K
HC
.P'
ob

A
s
A
s
= Pile Surface Area

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
25
Total Pile Resistance
Q
u
= Q
b
+ Q
s
Q
u
= A
b
[c
b
N
c
] + A
s
[c
a
] For Piles in Clay
Q
u
= A
b
[P'
ob
N
q
] + A
s
[K
HC
P'
ob
tan o ]
for Piles in Sand
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
26
Q
u
= A
b
[ P'
ob
N
q
] + A
s
[ KHC P'
ob
tan o ]
Q
u
= A
b
P'
ob
N
q
+ A
s
KHc P'
ob
tan o
Piles in Sand
o = 20
o
for Steel
= | for Concrete
= | for Timber
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
27
Q
u
= A
s
[K
HT
P'
ob
tan o ] + W
Tension Piles in Sand
W = Pile Weight

Pile Type K
HC
K
HT

H-Section Pile 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.5
Displacement Pile 1.0 1.5 0.6 1.0
Displacement Pile, Variable Section 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.3
Displacement Pile, with Water Jetting 0.4 0.9 0.3 0.6
Bored Pile (D < 60 cm) 0.7 1.5 0.4 1.0

Table (1): Values of K
HC
and K
HT
from the Egyptian Code

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
28
Piles in Clay
Q
u
= A
b
c
b
N
c
+ A
s
c
a
Q
u
= A
b
[c
b
N
c
] + A
s
[c
a
]
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
29
Tension Piles in Clay
Q
u
= A
s
[c
a
] + W
W = Pile Weight
Pile
Material
Soil
Consistency
Cohesion, c
(kN/m
2
)
Adhesion, c
a

(kN/m
2
)
Very Soft 0.0 12.50 0.0 12.50
Soft 12.50 25.0 12.50 24.0
Medium Sitff 25.0 50.0 24.0 37.50
Stiff 50.0 100.0 37.50 47.50
Timber
or
Concrete
Very Stiff 100.0 200.0 47.50 65.0
Very Soft 0.0 12.50 0.0 12.50
Soft 12.50 25.0 12.50 23.0
Medium Sitff 25.0 50.0 23.0 35.0
Stiff 50.0 100.0 35.0 36.0
Steel
Very Stiff 100.0 200.0 36.0 37.50

Table (2): Adhesion on Piles in Saturated Clay (Egyptian
Code)
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
30
Overburden Stress P'ob
Q
u
= [A
b
P'
ob
N
q
] + [A
s
K
HC
P'
ob
tan o]
Meyerhof Method : P'
ob
= 'z
Vesic Method : critical depth, z
c

for z < z
c :
P'
ob
= 'z

for z > z
c :
P'
ob
= 'z
c
z
c
/d is a function of | after installation
Suggested value = 20 d
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
31
Max Limit on End Bearing?
Some suggest a limit on end bearing to
match experience.
Problems with that approach:
more complex than that; need to
consider both strength and
compressibility of the soil
friction angle varies with effective
stress
Over-consolidation causes changes in
bearing capacity
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
32
N
q
from the Egyptian Code
|
o

25 30 35 40
Nq 15 30 75 150

Table (3): Nq Values Vs | for Sand, Egyptian Code.
| for Displacement Pile = (| (before construction) + 40
o
)/2
| for Bored Pile = | (before construction) 3
o
N
c
for Clay
N
c
= 9.0 for calculating the end bearing
resistance of piles in clay.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
33
EXAMPLE
Determine the allowable
capacity for the concrete
bored pile shown in
Figure.
Pile Diameter D = 0.50 m
Pile Length L = 14.0 m
Medium stiff clay:
C = 30 kN/m
2
C
a
= 25 kN/m
2

sat
= 18 kN/m
3

Dense Sand:
| = 40
o

sat
= 19 kN/m
3

N
q
= 150, K
HC
= 1.0

12.00 m
2.00 m
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
SOLUTION
Side Friction:
Q
s
= A
s
[c
a
+ K
HC
P'
ob
tan o ]
q
s
in clay:
q
s-c
= c
a
= 25 kN/m
2
Q
s-clay
= c
a
[tDL
c
]
= 25 [t*0.50*12.0]
= 25 *18.85 = 471.25 kN

q
s
in sand:
q
s-s
= K
HC
P'
ob
tan o
Critical depth
Z
c
= 20 * 0.50 = 10.00 m
P'
ob
= 8 * 10 = 80 kN/m
2

L
c
=
12.0 m
L
s
=
2.0 m
P'
bo
distribution
10.0 m
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
35
SOLUTION
o = 3/4 | = 30
o

Q
s-s
= 1.0 * 80 * 0.578 = 46.24 kN/m
2
Q
s-s
= q
s
[tDL
s
]
= 46.24 [t*0.50*2.0] = 145.27 kN
Total side friction:
Q
s
= Q
s-c
+ Q
s-s
= 471.25 + 145.27 = 616.52 kN
End Bearing Resistance:
q
b
= P'
ob
N
q
= 80 * 150 = 12000 kN/m
2
Q
b
= q
b
* A
b
= q
b
* tD
2
= 12000 * 0.196
= 2356.2 kN
Ultimate Pile Capacity = 616.52 + 2356.2 = 2973 kN
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
36
SOLUTION
Ultimate Pile Capacity
Q
ult
= 2973 kN
Allowable Pile Capacity
Q
all
= Q
ult
/F.S.
Q
all
= 2973/3.0 = 991 kN
= 99.10 ton

Check of Concrete Capacity:
P
c
= f
c
(A
c
+ 1.14 * n * A
s
)
= 5000 (0.196 + 1.14 * 10 * 0.00196)
= 5000 *

(0.218) = 1090 kN
= 109 ton > 99.10 (Q
all-soil
) (O.K.)


27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
37
Pile Driving
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
38
Closed
End
Diesel
Hammer
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
39
The Fundamental Pile Driving Formula
s
h W
R
s R h W
Resistance Soil of Work Energy Hammer
=
=
=
R
W
S
h
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
40
Single Acting
Double Acting
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
41
Diesel Hammer
Vibratory Hammer
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
42
Where:
Q
all
= Allowable pile capacity, (kN);
W
r
= Weight of hammer, kN;
H = Height of hammer fall, m;
S = Amount of pile penetration/blow, (mm);
C = Constant = 25 for drop hammer
= 2.50 for steam hammer.

Engineering News Formula (F.S. = 6):
PILE CAPACITY
2- From Pile Driving Formula
( ) C S 6
H . W 1000
Q
r
all
+
=
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
43
Determine the allowable pile capacity for a pile
of diameter D = 0.30 m, driven by a steam
hammer, knowing that:
Average penetration per blow = 17 mm
Hammer rating Wr.H = 40 kN
Example:
PILE CAPACITY
2- From Pile Driving Formula
( )
ton 34.2 kN 341.9
2.50 17 6
40 * 1000
Q
all
= =
+
=
Solution:
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
44
PILE CAPACITY
3- Static Pile Load Test Setup
Reaction
Beam
Stiffeners
Plate
Load Cell
Spherical Bearing
Ram
Hydraulic Jack
Bourdon Gage
Dial Gage
LVDT
Mirror
Scale
Test
Pile
Grade
Bracket Attached to Pile
Wire
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
45
Typical Arrangement for Load
Testing a Pile or Drilled Shaft
Reaction Beam
Jack
Dial
Gage
Test Pile or
Drilled Shaft
Support
Beam
Anchor Pile or
Drilled Shaft
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
46
Pile Static Load Test Setup
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
47
Pile Static Load Test Setup
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
48
Pile Capacity from Static Pile
Load Test
Loading is performed up to a test load of 150%
(or 200%) of the pile design load, with steps of
25% of the design load. The ultimate capacity
is determined by many methods, for example,
the Modified Chen Method.
150 ( %
200 )%
25 % .
Chen .
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
49
Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Load-Settlement Curve
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
50
Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Modified Chen Method
x = 6.80
1
b
y = 3.70
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
51
Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Modified Chen Method
Ultimate Pile Capacity from Static Pile Load Test,
Using Modified Chen Method:
The loading curve is drawn as follows:
Horizontal axis = measured settlement (o);
Vertical axis = measured settlement (o) /load (P).
b 1.2
1
Q
ult
=
Where:
Q
ult
= Ultimate pile capacity, (kN);
1.2 = Safety factor
b = Slope of the o/Load Vs. o curve.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
52
Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
Three conditions should be satisfied from the pile
load test:
I- Q
ult
2.00 Q
all
(D.L. + L.L.)
Dead + Live Loads
Q
ult
1.75 Qall (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.)
Dead + Live + Wind Loads
Q
ult
1.50 Qall (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.+Eq.L.)
Dead + Live + Wind + Earthquake Loads
1.50
Q at Settlement
Q 1.25 at Settlement
all
all
s
II- Measured o at 1.25 test load 1.50 o at Q
all
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
53
Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
A E
L P
* 0.50 D 0.02
max
+ s o
III- Measured o o
max
Where:
o
max
= maximum pile settlement, (m);
D = Pile diameter, (m);
P = Pile test load, (ton);
L = Pile length, (m);
E = Modulus of elasticity of concrete, (t/m
2
)
A = Pile cross-section area.

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
54
Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test

Settlement (mm)
Date
Load
(kN)
S1 S2 S3 S4
Avg.
Sett.
(mm)
Loading
9/9/04 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
250.0 0.59 0.66 0.56 0.58 0.60
500.0 0.88 1.00 0.89 0.93 0.93
750.0 1.85 1.98 1.86 1.92 1.90
1000.0 3.12 3.28 3.20 3.26 3.21
1250.0 4.16 4.34 4.27 4.37 4.29
1500.0 10.11 10.46 10.21 10.41 10.30
Unloading
10/9/04 1250.0 10.11 10.46 10.41 10.21 10.30
1000.0 10.01 10.29 10.07 10.27 10.16
750.0 9.70 9.97 9.80 9.99 9.87
500.0 9.20 9.45 9.35 9.03 9.26
250.0 8.53 8.78 8.79 9.97 8.77
0.0 6.65 6.82 6.83 6.84 6.79

Example:
Determine the
ultimate pile
capacity for a pile
of diameter D =
0.60 m, and
Length L = 10.50
m, with the test
results shown in
the table,
knowing that the
design load is
1000 kN, test load
= 1500 kN.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
55
Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
Solution:
I- Q
ult
1532 > 1.50 Q
all
(1500 kN)

kN 1532
3.70 * 20 . 1
1000 * 6.80

b 1.2
1
Q
ult
= = =
Q
ult
using modified Chen Method:

1.50 1.34
3.21
4.29

Q at Settlement
Q 1.25 at Settlement
all
all
s = =
II- Measured o at 1.25 test load 1.5 o at Q
all
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
56
Pile Capacity from Pile Load Test
A E
L P
* 0.50 D 0.02
max
+ = o
III- o
max
o at maximum test load:

0.283 * 10 * 140
10.50 * 150
* 0.50 0.60 * 0.02
4
max
+ = o
o
max
= 0.012 + 0.002 = 0.014 m = 14 mm
o at test load = 10.30 mm < 14.0 mm (o
max
) O.K.

E = 140 t/cm
2
= 140 * 10
4
t/m
2
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
57
PILE CAPACITY
4- In-Situ Soil Test Methods
The pile capacity can be determined from
the field tests as follows:
1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT).
2- Cone Penetration Test (CPT).
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
58
Pile Capacity from SPT
Q
all
= 90 N (t R
2
) + N' (2t RL), (kN)
Q
all
= Pile working load, F.S. = 2.5 for end bearing
and 2.0 for side friction.
N = Average SPT, 2R below tip and 6R above tip,
N 50 )Preferably 30).
N' = Average SPT in sand layers, along the pile shaft.
R = Pile radius, (m).
L = Pile length within the sand layers, (m).
For bored piles, Q
all
= 50 up to 100% of that values according
to the pile type and construction method.


27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
59
Pile Capacity from SPT
Example:
Determine the
allowable pile
capacity for a bored
pile constructed in
the soil log shown in
the table. Knowing
that the pile diameter
is 50 cm, and the pile
length is 9.0 m.
D SPT
1 8
2 11
3 14
4 23
5 28
6 31
7 33
8 36
9 41
10 53
11 55
Clay
Sand
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
60
Pile Capacity from SPT
D SPT
1 8
2 11
3 14
4 23
5 28
6 31
7 33
8 36
9 41
10 53
11 55
Clay
Sand
Solution:
Q
all
= 90 N (t R
2
) + N' (2t RL), (kN)
N = (N
8
+N
9
+N
10
)/3
= (36+41+50)/3 = 42
N' = (N
4
+N
5
+N
6
+N
7
+N
8
+N
9
)/6
= (23+28+31+33+36+41)/6 = 32
Q
all
= 90 N (t R
2
) + N' (2t RL), (kN)
= 90*42*0.196+32*(2*t*0.25*6)
= 740.9+301.6 = 1042.5 = 104 ton

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
61
CPT Correlations
The CPT is very similar to driving piles
therefore this test is a good predictor of
capacity.
Pile capacity is determined from correlations
based on CPT, as presented in the Egyptian
Code.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
62
Pile Capacity from CPT
Q
all
=
1
/
3
o q
c
(t R
2
) + f
c
(2t RL), (kN)
Q
all
= Pile working load, F.S. = 3.0 for end bearing and 2.0 for
side friction.
q
c
= Average CPT tip resistance, 6R below tip and 12R
above tip, q
c
not exceeding 150 kg/cm
2
.


o = Factor relating the pile diameter to the cone diameter,
assumed = 0.70.
f
c
= Average CPT side friction along the pile, not exceeding
1.0 kg/cm
2
.
R = Pile radius, (m).
For bored piles, Q
all
= 50 up to 100% of that values according
to the pile type and construction method.


27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
63
Pile Groups
Piles are usually arranged in groups under the columns.
The number of piles in a group is determined as follows:
all
c
Q
1.10 * P
N=
Where:
N = No. of piles;
P
c
= Column Load;
Q
all
= Allowable load of
a single pile.

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
64
Arrangement of Pile Groups
The spacing between piles in a group can be
assumed based on the following:
1- Driven piles need higher spacing than
bored piles.
2- Friction piles need higher spacing than end
bearing piles.
3- Minimum spacing (S) between piles is 2.5.
4- Maximum spacing (S) between piles is 8.0.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
65
S
2 Piles 3 Piles
S
4 Piles 5 Piles
S S
6 Piles
S S
7 Piles
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
66
S S
8 Piles
S

S

S S
9 Piles
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
67
Negative Skin Friction
Q
L
1
Granular
Fill
L
2
F
c
F
g
Soft
Clay
Rock
Original
Ground
Surface
Downdrag force occurs when the
soil surrounding the pile settles
more than the pile itself.

Occurred in the following
conditions:
1- Recent fill over very soft soil.
2- Soils undergoing consolidations.
3- Lowering of ground water table
may cause subsidence and
consequently ve skin friction.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
68
Negative Skin Friction
Negative Skin Friction is calculated as follows:
:
-ve skin friction = Weight of soil bounded within the soft layers;
+ Pile group surface area of the soft layers * pile-soil
adhesion (C
a
)
=

+

*
The negative skin friction per pile should not exceed the pile
skin friction value.
.

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
69
n m 90
n 1) - (m + m 1) - (n
- 1 = G
e
u
Where:
G
e
= Group efficiency;
u = tan
-1
(D/S) in degrees;
D = Pile diameter (m);
S = Pile spacing (m);
n = Number of piles in a row;
m = Number of pile rows
Efficiency of Pile Groups
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
70
Determine the number, arrangement, and group
efficiency of a pile group to support a column load
of 520 ton, knowing that the pile capacity is 110
ton, the pile diameter is 60 cm.
Example
S S
6 Piles
Solution:
No. of Piles = (520 * 1.10)/110
= 5.20 take 6 piles
Assume that the pile spacing S
= 4 D = 2.40 m
u = tan
-1
(D/S ) = tan
-1
(0.25)
=14.04
o

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
71
0.818 0.182 - 1

2 * 3 * 90
3 1) - (2 + 2 1) - (3
14.04 - 1 = G
e
= =
n = 3
m = 2
Example
S S
6 Piles
Pile group capacity:
Q
g
= N * Q
all
* G
e
Q
g
= 6 * 110 * 0.818 = 539.88 ton
540 < 570, considered O.K.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
72
Pile Groups Under Eccentric
Loads
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
73
e
x

e
y

H
V R
Pile groups under
eccentric loads
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
74

+ + =
2
y
2
x
v
y
y . V.e

x
.x V.e

n
V
P
Where:
V = Total vertical force on the group
e
x
= Eccentricity in the x-direction
e
y
= Eccentricity in the y-direction

27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
75
Settlement of Pile Groups in Sand
(After Skempton)
Foundation
Zone of
Settlement
Ground
Prestressed by
Pile Driving
Single Pile
Load Test
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
76
Settlement for End Bearing Pile Groups
Soft Clay
Sand
Soft Clay
1H:2V
H
1
H
c
nQ
a
L

BA
nQ
a
A, B = Pile Group Dimensions
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
77
Settlement of Friction Pile Groups
nQ
a
A B
nQ
a
*
H
1H:2V
L
3
2
L
B, A = Pile Group Dimensions
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
78
Pile Group Settlement Analysis
Where:
AH = Settlement
H = Layer thickness
C
c
= Compression Index
e
o
= Initial voids ratio
P
O
= Overburden Pressure at the middle of the
consolidating layer.
AP = Change in Pressure at the middle of the
consolidating layer
o
o
o
c
c
P
P P
Log
e 1
C
H H
+
+
=
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
79
Structural Design of the
Pile Cap
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
80
Failure Modes in the Pile Cap
1- Punching, column or pile.
2- Flexural, due to high tensile stresses.
Design of the Pile Cap
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
81
Failure by
Punching
Failure due to
high tensile
stresses
Minimum thickness of the pile cap =
80 cm to assure even distribution of
settlements over the piles, or 2.25 pile
diameter D.
27 April 2012
Deep Foundations
82
The concrete section and area steel are determined
from the max. moment, then check of shear and
punching is performed.
1:1 1:1 d/2
d
Critical Sec.
for Shear
Critical Sec.
for Moment
d/2
d