Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Intermolecular Forces
An intermolecular attractive force is any force that causes otherwise independent
atom, molecules or ions to cluster together. Intermolecular forces are responsible
for phase changes such as condensation and solidification, and these forces
must be overcome during changes such as melting and vaporization.
Dipole Moments
The dipole moment (µ) is a measure of a molecules molecular dipole. The SI unit
for dipole moment is the coulomb meter (C m), but a much smaller unit the debye
(D) is commonly used for molecules. It is defined as the magnitude of the charge Q
at either end of the molecular times the distance of separation.
µ = Q x r 1 D = 3.33 x10-30 C m
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Many molecules have permanent dipoles that give rise to intermolecular forces.
Although the molecules are in constant motion and their orientations keep changing, the
polar molecules will, on average, be oriented so that oppositely charged ends are closer to
each other than ends with like charges
Because of the combination of attraction
and repulsion coupled with random
thermal motion dipole-dipole forces are
short range in nature, effective only for
molecules that are relatively close to each
other.
The strength of the dipole-dipole
interaction increases with the polarity of
the participating molecules.
i.e. Br2 which is nonpolar boils at 59oC
whereas ICl which is isoelectronic (they
have the same number of electrons) and
is polar boils at 97oC - 38 degrees higher.
Sec. 5 - Physical Properties Forsey 4
van der Waals or London Dispersion Forces
A polar molecule exerts a distorting effect on the electron clouds of nearby molecules; in this
way, it adds additional polarity to the existing polarity of each neighbor. This increase in
polarity enhances the mutual attraction. Even nonpolar species such as Cl2 or He can acquire
a temporary polarity when it is in the vicinity of a polar atom or molecule. An atom that is
temporarily polarized by another species is said to have an induced dipole. Nonpolar atoms
and molecules can induce temporary dipoles in each other. The motion of electrons in an atom
or molecule gives rise to fluctuating charge distributions and these, in turn, polarize
neighboring atoms and molecules. These induced dipoles are temporary and are effective only
at short distances but result in net attractive forces called a London dispersion force. The
strength of the London force depends on the magnitude of the induced dipole and this, in turn,
depends on how easily the electron cloud is polarized. Generally larger atoms and molecules
are more easily polarized than small atoms and molecules and will have higher melting and
boiling points. (when other effects are absent) I2 is more easily polarized than F2 because the
outer electrons in I2 are farther away from the nuclei and their clouds are more subject to
distortion than the electron clouds in F2
δ + δ - +
n o n p o la r m o le c u le in d u c e d d ip o le io n
δ + δ - δ + δ - δ + δ -
δ + δ -
in d u c e d d ip o le in d u c e d d ip o le p o la r m o le c u le
Hydrogen
bonding
O
H
H H
O
O
H H
H
O O
H H H
H
Sec. 5 - Physical Properties Forsey 7
Boiling points usually increase going down a group because van der Waals
forces increase with increasing molecular size. Exceptions are H2O, HF, and
NH3, whose boiling points are unusually high because of hydrogen bonding.
The boiling point of water is about 160o higher than H2S because it is a less
polar compound and hydrogen bonding does not play a significant role
Glass
CHC H C
H H H C δ+ C H
H HC H
C
H H C δ- O H
H H
H HC HC H H
δ- O
H H H C H
HH C H
H HCH H C H H C H
H δ C
+
C H C H C O
H C C H
H Oδ - H H C H
H H H
H-bonding O H δ+
δ+
H δ+ H
δ- H H _ δ+
O O H δ- δ+
H O H Cl H
δ- O +
H
H N CH H δ+ O
δ+
O van der Waals H H 3
δ-
CH3 O H
O
H δ-
H
dipole : induced dipole O
H δ-
δ+
packs steric
better interaction
causes weaker
interactions
OH 74
88 99°
OH
O 74 35°
O
72 74°
H
O
74
O
O
74
OH
NH 2 59
H
59
N
N 59
H H
Like an ether – CH3CH2OCH2, MW = 60, B.P. = 10.8°
O
CH2OC(CH2)16CH3 CH2OH
O CHOH + 3 CH3( CH2)16CO2 Na+
CHOC(CH2) 16CH3 + 3 NaOH CH2OH stearic acid
O
lye glycerol
CH2OC(CH2)16CH3 soap
could also use (glycerine)
glyceryl tristearate
(trisearin) wood ash (K2CO3)
CO2-
water and Na+ ions CO2-
CO2- CO2-
CO2- CO2- CO2- CO2-
-
O2C
CO2-
CO2-
CO2-
O
CH3
+ RCOCH2CH2O (CH2CH2O)2 CH2CH2OH
CH2 N C12H25Cl-
a neutral surfactant
CH3
benzalkonium chloride
a cationic surfactant
http://simscience.org/membranes/advanced/page4.html
http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3bio315/cell%20membrane.htm
Promotes calcium
self assembles into
crystallization along it
long tubular
axis much like natures
aggregates
collagen template