VARIOUS TYPES OF DISPLAY DEVICES

AND PRINTERS

Prepared

by: Anjali tailor(090070110051) Khushboo patel(090070110035) Khushboo desai(090070110037)

ATTRIBUTES
High

resolution High brightness Large viewing angle High writing speed Large colour gamut High contrast Less weight and size Low power consumption Low cost

VARIOUS DISPLAYS

Vacuum flourcent display (VFD) Field emission display (FED) Cathod ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal display (LCD) Plasma display panel (PDP) Electroluminiscent display (EL) organic light emitting diode (OLED) Light emitting display(LED)

FED

Field emission displays, electrons coming from millions of tiny microtips pass through gates and light up pixels on a screen. This principle is similar to that of cathode-ray tubes in television sets. The difference: Instead of just one "gun" spraying electrons against the inside of the screens face, there are as many as 500 million of them (microtips).

CATHOD

The cathode/backplate is a matrix of row and column traces. Each crossover lays the foundation for an addressable cathode emitters. Each crossover has up to 4,500 emitters, 150 nm in diameter. This emitter density assures a high quality image through manufacturing redundancy, and longlife through low operational stress.

EMISSION
Emitters generate electrons when a small voltage is applied to both row (base layer) and column (top layer).

PIXELS
Faceplate picture elements (pixels) are formed by depositing and patterning a black matrix, standard red, green, and blue TV phosphors and a thin aluminum layer to reflect colored light forward to the viewer.

METAL TIPS

FED
Advantages and disadvantages:
MATRIX DISPLAY

LARGE VIEWING ANGLE

HIGH BRIGHTNESS,HIGH RESOLUTION EXCELLENT COLOUR GAMUT TECHNOLOGY NOT MATURE

EL
The structure consists of two thin layers of dielectric with phosphor sandwitched between them. A thin Al layer on the top and thin ITO layer on the bottom completes EL.When voltage of order of 200V is applied the resultant high electric field (1MV/cm) tunnels electrons through dielectric on to phosphor. The high energy of electrons impact the colour centres to emit visible light.
High brightness, high resolution, Blue phosphor improvement required High voltage switching High purity materials Small sizes Expensive

LCD

Most mature flat panel technology Major share of FPD market Poor intrinsic viewing angle Requires backlight Inefficient Slow Effected by Temperature and sunlight

PDP WORKING

Address electrode causes gas to change to plasma state.

The plasma emits UV in discharge region which impinges on the phosphor

Reaction causes each subpixel to produce red, green, and blue light.

PDP
Large Displays >32 High Resolution High Brightness Good Contrast Good Colour gamut Large viewing angle High Speed Presently High Cost

TECHNOLOGY vs APPLICATION
SIZE AND APPLICATION LCD OLED FED PLASMA PROJECTION

Less than 2 Pager, cell phones, microdisplays Between 2 and 5 Industrial, Internet appliances, mobilephones, cameras/ camcorders, projectors

Between 5 to 15 Games, automotive, Internet applications, Instrumentation

Presently occupies PM STN or LCOS Presently occupied by PMSTN. AMLCD will enter as higher resolutions and speed requirements increase Mainly occupied by AM LCD

Will replace LCD Will replace LCD

Potential exists; Cost? Potential exists; Cost?

Not applicable Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Will replace LCD

Potential exists; Cost? Carbon nanotubes will succeed.

Not Not applicable economical

TECHNOLOGY vs APPLICATION
SIZE AND APPLICATION LCD OLED FED PLASMA PROJECTION

Between 15 to 20 Notebook PC and Desktop

Fully occupied by AMLCD a:Si Moving to p:Si

Potential to replace LCD Sony already demonst rate d 15 Less expensive and better performance than LCD. Tiling is possible No technology limitat ions; hopes are high

Between 20 & 35 TV

Expensive for TV; Tiling by Rainbow is a route

Potential exists. But technology for large sizes with CNT? Doubtful

High end of the size eminently suitable

Not economical

Between 35 & 50 TV, HDTV, Large displays education and advert isement Above 50 HDTV,Video walls

Not applicable

Remote possibility

Only choice

Can penetrate into PDP

Less attractive than projection

Prime contender

PRINTERS
A

printer is a peripheral device that produces a physical copy or hard copy of the computers output.

IMPACT PRINTER
1)

Impact Printer- In impact printers,characters are printed by pressing a typeface against an inked ribbon, which makes a mark on the paper. The mostly common used impact printer is the Dot Matrix Printer. Non-Impact Printer - In non-impact printers,there is no contact between the typeface and the paper while printing. They are much quieters than impact printers because their printing heads do not strike the paper.Inkjet printer and Laser printer are the examples.

1)

CHARACTERISTICS

Dot-matrix printers vary in two important characteristics: speed: Given in characters per second (cps), the speed can vary from about 50 to over 500 cps. Most dot-matrix printers offer different speeds depending on the quality of print desired.

print quality: Determined by the number of pins (the mechanisms that print the dots), it can vary from 9 to 24. The best dot-matrix printers (24 pins) can produce near letter-quality type, although you can still see a difference if you look closely. In addition to these characteristics, you should also consider the noise factor. Compared to laser and ink-jet printers, dot-matrix printers are notorious for making a racket.

PRINTING PROCESS IN DOT MATRIX PRINTER

First the computer sends a series of ASCII codes to the printer. The ASCII codes received by the printer are first stored in the RAM buffer. The bitmap table contained in the printer's ROM chip tells the printer the pattern of dots it should use to produce the required character shape represented by the ASCII code. The printer processor takes the dot pattern information from bitmap table and send the signals to the printer head. The printer head contains 9, 18 or 24 pins aligned vertically such that one end of each pin is connected to individual electromagnet.

To fire the print pins against the ribbon and paper this electromagnet is energized due to which the moving pin strikes the ribbon that is coated with ink. After the pin fires, the electromagnet is de-energized which makes the spring pull the print pin back.

How it works
A print-head moves back-and-forth in front of forms (paper) on which characters or graphic images are transferred. The print-head contains numerous wires, typically from 9 to 24. Each wire is part of a solenoid-like unit. A pulse applied to the solenoid creates a magnetic field which forces the wire to move briefly forward then backward. As the wire moves forward, it presses against a print ribbon containing ink. The impact transfers an ink dot to the paper. The paper is supported from behind by a plate.

DEMO

DOT MATRIX PRINT HEAD

One print wire

Print wires (e.g., 12)

Front view

Side view

DOT MATRIX IMPACT PRINTING

Pape r

Print wire

Ribbon

Plate n

Side view

Side view

Front view

USES

Primarily two: Any situation that requires multi-part forms Small printers, such as Calculators Adding machines Point-of-sale terminals

DOT-MATRIX PRINTER ISSUES

Print head -Print heads wear off after a while. -The ink from the ribbon can clog the tiny pins that make up the tiny pins -Pins can be bent -Electromagnet can be damaged Ribbon- Poor print quality can simply mean that the ribbon needs to be replaced. Each printer get its own ribbon, the cartridge that the ribbon contained within varies from printer to printer thus they are not interchangeable. Overheating- Due to noisiness dot matrix printers are often kept under a padded, sound proofed cover. -Less ventilation lead to overheating Paper jams- Biggest problem paper jam - If perforated sides can be ripped off they jam the printer. (patience ,patience , patience is required to fix that .)

ADVANTAGES

Dot matrix printers, like any impact printer, can print on multipart stationery or make carbon-copies. Impact printers have one of the lowest printing costs per page. They are able to use continuous paper rather than requiring individual sheets, making them useful for data logging.

They are good, reliable workhorses ideal for use in situations where printed content is more important than quality.
The ink ribbon also does not easily dry out, including both the ribbon stored in the casing as well as the portion that is stretched in front of the print head; this unique property allows the dot-matrix printer to be used in environments where printer duty can be rare, for instance, as with a Fire Alarm Control Panel's output

DISADVANTAGES

Impact printers create noise when the pins or typeface strike the ribbon to the paper. Sound dampening enclosures may have to be used in quiet environments. They can only print lower-resolution graphics, with limited color performance, limited quality, and lower speeds compared to non-impact printers.

DOT MATRIX PRINTER EXAMPLE - 1

Specifications 800 cps 400 lpm 6-part forms (max)

DOT MATRIX PRINTER EXAMPLE - 2

Specifications Printhead wires: 9

Printhead life: 200 million characters

Print speed: near letter quality: 105 cps utility: 420 cps

high speed draft: 550 cps

Number of copies: 8 MTBF: 8000 hours @ 25% duty cycle, 35% density

Pacemaker 3410 by OKI Data, Inc.

LASER PRINTER

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LASER PRINTER COMPONENTS

Toner cartridge A hopper filled with toner. Toner is a fine powder composed of plastic, iron and carbon particles.

1.

2.

An EP drum covered with photosensitive coating that holds a static charge until exposed to light.
A blade to remove used toner from the drum. A corona charging assembly, which applies a static to the drum after an image has been printed.

3.

1.

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TONER CARTRIDGE

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LASER PRINTER COMPONENTS CONTD

Laser scanning assembly Contains the following components: Laser - Shines on the drum and creates an electrostatic image of whats printed. Creates areas of negative charge on the positively charged drum. Mirror--- Reflects the laser beam. Lens --Focuses the laser beam. Multiple lenses maybe used to focus the laser beam on the various areas of the drum: the areas being closer to or farther away from the mirror and laser beam. Power supplies A high voltage power supply (HVPS) converts 120 volt, 60 Hz 33 AC current into high voltage electricity used by EP process. A DC supply (DCPS) is used to power components that dont require high voltages.

STEPS IN THE LASER PRINTING PROCESS

Charging or conditioning The primary corona wire applies a negative charge of approximately -600volts to the EP drum. Writing or exposing The laser beams reduces the negative charge to about -100 volts on the EP drum in the areas that become the image to be printed. Developing: Areas of the drum that were written to by the laser attract toner.
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Transferring: A positive charge of about +600volts is applied to the paper by transfer corona wire.

Fusing: Pressure and heat set the toner to the paper. A 350 deg F fusing roller melts the toner, and squeezing the paper through a set of rollers presses the toner into the paper.

Cleaning and erasing: A rubber blade clears the excess toner from the drum. Another corona wire removes the charges from the drum.

LASER PRINT PROCESS

Corona wire packages

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UNPACKING

Toner is removed Gently roll toner cartridge side to side Install drum Remove Styrofoam from toner area Remove packing tape Install toner cartridge

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INSTALLING A LASER PRINTER

1.

Connect the printer to the network or a computer using the correct interface. Plug it in.

2.

3.

Power it up.
Windows will likely recognize youve connected a new device and install drivers for it automatically. If drivers arent installed automatically, you can do it manually using the materials that shipped with the printer.

4.

5.

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PRINTER CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Orientation Portrait or landscape Collation How the individual pages within a multi-page document are printed when you print more than one copy. Collated means entire copies of the document are printed together. Un-collated means that all the copies of page1 are printed before all the copies of page 2, and so forth. Copies:-- Number of copies to print Quality Options for draft , normal or high quality on some printers. Others offer varying resolutions Color:-- Specify full color or black and white print Order:-- Some printers allow you to specify whether to print from last page to first or first to last on multi-page print jobs. Switch print trays Spool settings 39 Some configuration can be done through buttons on printer itself