BY AMOL DESAI JAY DESAI KUSHAL MILAN PATHAK

Storage
What is storage?
Holds data, instructions, and information for future use Storage medium is physical material used for storage Also called secondary storage

Storage
What is capacity? Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold

Kilobyte (KB)

1 thousand

Megabyte (MB) 1 million Gigabyte (GB) Terabyte (TB) 1 billion 1 trillion

Storage
What is a storage device?
Hardware that records and retrieves items to and from storage media

Reading
Process of transferring items from storage media to memory

Writing
Process of transferring items from memory to storage media

Functions as source of input

Creates output

CONTENT of CD
History What is CD? Introduction to CD Understanding the CD: Material Understanding the CD: The Spiral Understanding the CD: Bumps CD Player Components What the CD Player Does: Laser Focus What the CD Player Does: Tracking CD Encoding Issues CD Data Formats

HISTORY
1st GENERATION: Compact disc (CD): --- 650/700 MB It is with us for over 20 years. Wavelength of laser which reads data: 780 nm Color of laser: Red 2nd GENERATION: Digital versatile disc (DVD): --- 4.7 GB It offers high quality sound and video than CD. Wavelength of laser which reads data: 650 nm Color of laser: Red

What are CDs?

Push the button to slide out the tray.

Flat, round, portable metal discs with protective plastic coating

Can be read only or read/write

Insert the disc, label side up.

Most PCs include CD or DVD drive, most play audio CDs

Push the same button to close the tray.

Introduction to CD
CDs and DVDs are everywhere. Store music, data or computer software, distributing large quantities of information easy and cheap computer CD-R drive, you can create your own CDs,

Understanding the CD: Material

CD can store up to 74 minutes of music Total amount of digital data: 44,100 samples/channel/second x 2 bytes/sample x 2 channels x 74 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 783,216,000 bytes To fit more than 783 megabytes (MB) onto a disc only 4.8 inches (12 cm)dia require. bytes small

Understanding the CD: Material

A cross section of a complete CD

piece of plastic

four one-hundredths (4/100) of an inch (1.2 mm) thick. consists of an injection-molded piece of clear polycarbonate plastic. This plastic is impressed with microscopic bumps continuous, extremely long spiral track of data. Reflective aluminum layer is sputtered onto the disc, covering the bumps. Acrylic layer is sprayed over the aluminum to protect it. The label is then printed onto the acrylic.

Understanding the CD: The Spiral

single spiral track of data circling from the inside of the disc to the outside. The fact that the spiral track starts at the center means that the CD can be smaller than 4.8 inches (12 cm) now plastic baseball cards and business cards that you can put in a CD player. CD business cards hold about 2 MB of data

Understanding the CD: The Spiral

Incredibly small the data track is -- it is 0.5 microns wide with 1.6 microns separating one track from the next. A micron is a millionth of a meter. The bumps are even more miniscule...

Understanding the CD: Bumps

Bumps 0.5 microns wide, Minimum of 0.83 microns long 125 nanometers height. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. Looking through the polycarbonate layer at the bumps

Understanding the CD: Bumps

You will often read about "pits" on a CD instead of bumps. They appear as pits on the aluminum side, but on the side the laser reads from, they are bumps. The incredibly small dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a CD extremely long. If you could lift the data track off a CD and stretch it out into a straight line, it would be 0.5 microns wide and almost 3.5 miles (5 km) long! To read something this small you need an incredibly precise disc-reading mechanism. Let's take a look at that.

CD Player Components
Job of finding and reading the data stored as bumps on the CD. CD player is an exceptionally precise piece of equipment. The drive consists of three fundamental components:

CD Player Components
Drive motor : spins the disc. rotate between 200 and 500 rpm Laser and lens system: read the bumps. Tracking mechanism: moves the laser assembly laser's beam can follow the spiral track. move the laser at micron resolutions.

What the CD Player Does: Laser Focus

Inside the CD player, there is a good bit of computer technology involved in forming the data into understandable data blocks and sending them either to the DAC (in the case of an audio CD) or to the computer (in the case of a CD-ROM drive).

What the CD Player Does: Laser Focus

The fundamental job of the CD player is to focus the laser on the track of bumps. The laser beam passes through the polycarbonate layer, reflects off the aluminum layer and hits an opto-electronic device that detects changes in light. The bumps reflect light differently than the "lands" (the rest of the aluminum layer), and the opto-electronic sensor detects that change in reflectivity. The electronics in the drive interpret the changes in reflectivity in order to read the bits that make up the bytes.

How does a laser read data on CD?

Picture with steps
disc label

lens

pit 0 prism lightsensing diode

Step 2.

land

lens 1 prism lightsensing diode

Step 3.
Reflected light is deflected to a light-sensing diode, which sends digital signals of 1 to computer. Absence of reflected light is read as digital signal of 0.

Step 1.
Laser diode shines a light beam toward disc.

If light strikes a pit, it scatters. If light strikes a land, it is reflected back toward diode.

laser diode

laser diode

How is data stored on a CD?

Image

Typically stored in single track Track divided into evenly sized sectors that store items
single track spirals to edge of disc disc sectors

What the CD Player Does: Tracking

The hardest part is keeping the laser beam centered on the data track. This centering is the job of the tracking system. The tracking system, as it plays the CD, has to continually move the laser outward. As the laser moves outward from the center of the disc, the bumps move past the laser faster -this happens because the linear, or tangential, speed of the bumps is equal to the radius times the speed at which the disc is revolving (rpm). Therefore, as the laser moves outward, the spindle motor must slow the speed of the CD. That way, the bumps travel past the laser at a constant speed, and the data comes off the disc at a constant rate.

CD Data Formats
There are several different formats used to store data on a CD, some widely used and some long-forgotten. The two most common are CD-DA (audio) and CD-ROM (computer data).

How CD-ROM works

THE NAME
The blu-ray name is a combination of blue, for the color of the laser that is used and ray for optical ray. The e in blue was purposefully left off, according to the manufacturers, because an everyday word cannot be a trademark.

Content of Blu-Ray Disc

HISTORY FORMAT OF BD TYPES OF BD
THE TECHNOLOGY Comparison
BLU RAY S DURABILITY ADVANTAGE

FEATURES OF BD Do more with blu..

HISTORY
3rd GENERATION: Blu-ray disc (BD): --- 25/50 GB
-Next generation optical disc format. -Developed by blu-ray disc association (which includes Apple, Hitachi, HP, LG, Panasonic, Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony) -Wavelength of laser which reads data: 405 nm -Color of laser: Blue-violet which was developed by SHUJI NAKAMURA at NICHIA CORPORATION

FORMAT OF BD
It comes in four different formats: BD-ROM (read only) : for reading recorded content. BD-R (recordable) : for PC data storage. BD-RW (rewritable) : for PC data storage. BD-RE (rewritable) : for HDTV (high definition
television) recording.

TYPES OF BD:
SINGLE LAYER : - Can hold data up to 25/27 GB that means 2 hrs of HD video or about 13 hrs of standard video. DOUBLE LAYER : - Can hold data up to 50 GB that means 4.5 hrs of HD video or more than 20 hrs of standard video.

THE TECHNOLOGY
Pits : spiral grooves that run
from the centre of the disc to its edges Bumps : other sides of these edges. Track pitch : it is the distance between the two tracks (of pits) on the surface. -------------------------------Disc store digitally encoded data in PITS. --------------------------------

THE TECHNOLOGY
So, in blu-ray disc: Pit size 0.15 microns ( more than twice as small as the pits on DVD ) Track-pitch is : 0.32 microns Laser needed : blue-violet laser (405 nm) Data transfer rate : 36 Mbps

BLU RAY S DURABILITY ADVANTAGE

Various hard coating technologies make Bly ray disc most durable and family -friendly Hard-coating technology provides resistance to: - Finger prints - Marks - Scratches - Dust Much more ROBUST than todays polycarbonate-based CD/DVDs (and HD DVDs)

FEATURES OF BD
With BD we can: Record HDTV without any quality loss Instantly skip to any spot on disc Record one program while watching other on the disc Create playlists Edit or reorder programs recorded on disc Automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program Access to web to download subtitles and other extra features And many more

BLY-RAYS DENSITY ADVANTAGE

Higher density enables better data seek times Shorter to travel for same amount of data results in faster data seek Better for random access of data

On GAURD
Blu-ray discs are better armed than current DVDs. They come equipped with a secure encryption system a unique ID that protects against video piracy and copyright infringement.

DO MORE WITH BLU

More capacity, Density and Performance More Industry Support/Consumer Reach (BDA has 140+ members) More Durable More Interactive User Experience More Flexible Content Protection: AAC, BD+ Renewability Technology and ROM Mark

Questions- Answers

THANK YOU