Embedded systems

Embedded system employs a combination of software & hardware to perform a specific function. Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches , MP3 players, traffic lights, factory controllers. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. The program instructions written for embedded systems are stored in read-only memory . They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen.

Difference between computer and embeded system

1. In desktop system engineers writes the operating system program and user writes the application program n execute it on osp. 2. In embeded system both operating system and application program r written by engineers . 3. An embeded system has a faster excess time of the operating system than a computer system thats why we prefer an embedded system

APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded System Applications : Consumer electronics, e.g., cameras, cell phones etc. Consumer products, e.g. washers, microwave ovens etc. Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control etc.) Industrial process controller & defense applications. Computer/Communication products, e.g. printers, FAX machines etc. Medical Equipments. ATMs Aircrafts

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MC N MP
A Microprocessor is a general purpose digital computer central processing unit(C.P.U) popularly known as CPU on the chip. The Microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/P O/P ports on the chip itself. On the other hand a Microcontroller has a C.P.U(microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer all on a single chip. In order to make a Microprocessor functional we must add RAM, ROM, I/O Ports and timers externally to them,i.e any amount of external memory can be added to it. But in controllers there is a fixed amount of memory which makes them ideal for many applications. The Microprocessors have many operational codes(opcodes) for moving data from external memory to the C.P.U Whereas Microcontrollers may have one or two operational codes.

microcontroller
There are 4 types of microcontrollers 8051 microcontroller Pic microcontroller Avr microcontoller Arm microcontroller

Types of microcontroller architecture

There are two types of Microcontroller architecture designed for embedded system development. These are: 1)RISC- Reduced Types of microcontroller architecture: instruction set computer 2)CISC- Complex instruction set computer

Pic microcontroller
It is peripheral interphase control. Types of pic microcontroller Pic 10,12,14,16,18,24,32 Pic 10,12,14,16,18 are of 8 bits Pic 24 is of 16 bits Pic 32 is of 32 bits It is available from 8 pin to 40 pin

Pin diagram of PIC16F73

Features of pic 16F73

It is a high performance Risc cpu Max instructions consume single machine cycle to execute Operating speed is upto 20 mhz 4k of flash memory 192 bytes of RAM It is 28 pin microcontroller 6 pins are special purpose pins and 22 pins are general purpose pins

Special purpose pins

Pin 1 : MCLR (master clear) used to provide the external reset signal . It is active low Pin 8 : ground / Vss Pin 9 & pin 10: these pins are the crystal inputs Pin 19 : Vss pin again Pin 20 : Vdd pin

General purpose pins

These pins can be used as input /output or as an alternative function These are divided into 3 parts PORT A : pin 2 to 7 PORT B : pin 21 to 28 PORT C : pin 11 to 18

Programming in embeded c
In this printf is not used for diplaying anything Int , float , char is not used In embeded c we use data types of unsigned values Ex ample : unsigned char There is a data directional register connected with each port . This register is known as tris.

Interfacing of led
Void main() { TRIS B=0; While(1); { PORT B=0; delay_ms(1000); PORT B=0xff; delay_ms(1000); }

Interfacing with lcd

void main() { Unsigned char a; While (1) { a++; delay_ms(1000); Port B =a; Lcd_cmd(ox8o); Lcd_array(a); }

ORCAD
There are three parts of orcad Capture: it is used for electronic circuit schematic designing Layout: it is used for pcb designing Pspice : it is the stimulator Capture and layout are linked with each other

Orcad capture(schematic design)

Orcad layout plus

Task involved in layout design

Design template selection Selecting foot prints for different components Setting up board parameters like grid,place,layers etc. Placing parts using reconnect mode Routing the pcb using online DRC Copper pouring of entire design Post processing and generation of gerber data

Layout

Tina pro