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ABC ABC
ABC
100 111
110
State Table
PS NS
ABC An Bn Cn
000 0 0 1 Excitation Table Of
001 0 1 1 D- FF is Qn = D
010 * * *
011 1 1 1 AB
100 0 0 0 C 00 01 11 10
Ø 1
101 * * * 0
110 1 0 0
1 1 1 Ø
111 1 1 0
An =Da= ε(3,6,7) + ε Ø(2,5) = B
AB Db = B Dc = C
00 01 11 10
C Ø 1 Ø
0
1 1 1 Ø 1 1 Ø
1
Db = C Dc = A’
Dc C Db B Da
A’
Asynchronous counters
• All the Flip flops are T-FF and they are
operating in Toggle mode( T=1).
• External clock is applied to LSB Flip Flop.
• The Clock of one flip-flop is driven by the
TRUE output of the previous one (Up-
counting).
• With N-flip Flops the modulus of the
counter is 2N.
Operation
• Only FF A responds to the clock
• FF B must wait for FF A to change before
it can toggle
• FF C must wait for B, and so on
• Delay of 5 to 20 ns, can be trouble some
• Called Ripple Counter: FF responds one
after another in a rippling effect.
• Frequency division – each FF will have
an output frequency of ½ the input. The
output frequency of the last FF of any
counter will be the clock frequency
divided by the MOD of the counter.
MOD-16
Ripple
Counter
Counter waveforms showing frequency division by 2 for each FF
Divide by
A by 2
B by 4
C by 8
D by 16
Asynchronous (ripple) down counter
Counting
down rather
than up simply
requires
cascading the
clocks using
the inverted
outputs
MOD-6
asynchronous
counter
produced by
clearing a
MOD-8 counter
when a count of
six (110)
occurs.
Counters with MOD Number <2N
(a) State transition diagram for the MOD-6
ripple counter.
(b) LEDs are often used to display the
states of a counter.
Count of 5
1 0 1
ON OFF ON
b) MOD-10
(decade)
ripple counter.
At D,
freq=1/10
=0.1MHz
• Mod number:
For N FF’s, the number of states = 2N
ex: N=4, then Mod=16
ex: how many FF’s are needed to
have a count of 1000?
2N >1000, N=10 (will count till
1024)
(N log 2 = 3 N=9.96==10)