ANTIDERIVATIVES

(INTEGRAL)
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
define and interpret definite integral,
identify and distinguish the different properties of
the definite integrals; and
evaluate definite integrals




OBJECTIVES:
If F(x) is the integral of f(x)dx, that is, F(x) = f(x)dx
and if a and b are constants, then the definite
integral is:


( )|
) a ( F ) b ( F
x F dx ) x ( f
b
a
b
a
=
=
}
where a and b are called lower and upper limits of
integration, respectively.

The definite integral link the concept of area to
other important concepts such as length, volume,
density, probability, and other work.

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
| | b a erval closed the in def ined is x f provided
dx x f dx x f
then b a If
b
a
a
b
, int ) (
) ( ) (
, . 1
} }
=
>
. ) ( ) ( ) (
), ( int ) ( . 2
exists b f and a f provided dx x f
then x f of egral the is x F and b a If
b
a
}
=
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL
| | | | . 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
,
= = + + = + =
}
a F a F C a F C a F C x F dx x f
is That
b
a
b
a
| | dx x f dx x f dx x f dx x f x f x f
n
b
a
b
a
b
a
n
) ( ...... ) ( ) ( ) ( ).... ( ) ( . 3
2 1 2 1
} } }
= +
| |
} } }
+ =
< <
b
c
b
a
c
a
dx x f x f dx x f
then b c a where
b a erval closed the in f unction continuous is x f If
) ( ) ( ) (
, ,
, . int ) ( . 4
To obtain the definite integral of a function,
evaluate first its indefinite integral. Then applying
the limits of integration, that is, substitute the
upper limit of integration to all the variables
contained in the indefinite integral, minus the
function value of the indefinite integral using the
lower limit of integration.
}
1
1
2
. 1 dx x
EXAMPLE:
}
+
1
0
3
10)dx. 2x (4x . 2
}

9
1
. 3 )dy. y y(3
EXERCISES:
}

1
0
) 2 3 ( . 1 dx x
}

+
2
3
2
) 1 ( . 2 dy y y
( )
}

a
dt t a
0
2
. 3
}
+
5
2
) 5 7 )( 2 5 ( . 4 dx x x
}

3
1
4
2
2
. 5 dm
m
m
}

+
2 / 1
2 / 1
7
) 1 3 ( . 6 dx x
}
+
2
0
3 2
1 . 7 dy y y
INTEGRATION OF ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

0 x if
0 x if
x Re

<
>
=
x
x
call
EXAMPLE
dx x . 1
4
2
}

10 8 2

0
2
) 4 (
2
) 2 (
0
2 2

x
2 2
4
0
2
0
2
2
4
0
0
2
4
2
= + =
+
(

=
(

(
+
(

(
=
+ =

} } }
x x
xdx xdx dx
1
st
solution

0 x if
0 x if
x

<
>
=
x
x
0 1 -2 3 2 4 -1
0 < x
0 > x
2
nd
solution
(4,4) 4; (4) f
(0,0) 0; (0) f
,2) (-2 2; f(-2)
y) (x,
x f(x)
=
=
=
= let
-1
1
-2
4 3 2
(4,4)
-2,2
0
8 ) 4 )( 4 (
2
1
2 ) 2 )( 2 (
2
1
2
1
= =
= =
A
A
10
8 2
2 1
4
2
=
+ =
+ =
}

A A dx x
}

3
3
1 . 2 dx x
1
st
solution
( )

> <
s >
=
1 x 0, x - 1 if 1
1 x 0, x - 1 if 1
1
x
x
x
( ) ( )
10
2
20
2
1
2
3
2
15
2
1

2 2
x
- x
1 1 1
3
1
2
1
3
2
3
1
1
3
3
3
= = + + + =
(

(
+
(

(
=
+ =

} } }
x
x
dx x dx x dx x
2
nd
solution
(3,2) 2; (3) f
(1,0) 0; (1) f
,4) (-3 4; f(-3)
y) (x,
x - 1 f(x)
=
=
=
= let
-1
1
-2 -3
3 2
(3,2)
-3,4
0
2 ) 2 )( 2 (
2
1
8 ) 4 )( 4 (
2
1
2
1
= =
= =
A
A
10
2 8
1
2 1
3
3
=
+ =
+ =
}

A A dx x
}

2
1
3
. 3 dx x x
( )

<
>
=
0 x if
0 if
3 3
3 3
3
x x x
x x x x
x x
( )
( )( ) 0 1 1
0 1
0
2
3
> +
>
>
x x x
x x
x x
( )
( )( ) 0 1 1
0 1
0
2
3
< +
<
<
x x x
x x
x x
| | | ) + , 1 1,0 - : SS
( ) ( ) 1 , 0 ,-1 - : SS
( ) ( ) ( )
4
11


2
1
3
1
0
3
2
1
0
1
3 3
=
+ + =
} } } }

dx x x dx x x dx x x dx x x
( )
( )
2
5
5 3 x . 5
7 3 2 . 4
5
0
7
1
= +
=
}
}

dx
dx x
INTEGRATION OF PIECEWISE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE

s s +
< s +
=
}

4 x 0 , 2
2
1

0 x 2 - , 2
f(x) ; ) ( . 1
2
4
2
x
x
dx x f
solution
( )
3
56
x 2
4
x
3
x
x 2
dx 2 x
2
1
dx x 2 dx ) x ( f
4
0
2
0
2
3
0
2
4
0
2
4
2
=
(

(
+ +
(

(
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =

} } }
INTEGRATION OF ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
( )
( )

x - integers, odd For
; x - integers, even For
: Re
n
n
n
n
x
x
call
=
=
f of domain x all for f(x) f(-x) if even be to said is e = Function
f of domain x all for f(x) f(-x) if odd be to said is e = Function
The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Theorem:
1. If f is odd on [-a,a] then
0 ) ( =
}

a
a
dx x f
a
-a
1
R
2
R
0

) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
0
0
=
=
+ =
} } }

R of area R of area
dx x f dx x f dx x f
a
a
a
a
Theorem:
2. If f is even on [-a,a] then
} }
=

a a
a
dx x f dx x f
0
) ( 2 ) (
a
-a
1
R
( )
}
} } }
=
=
+ =
+ =

a
a
a a
a
dx x f
R of area R of area
dx x f dx x f dx x f
0
2
2 1
0
0
) ( 2
R of area 2

) ( ) ( ) (
2
R
odd is function the because 0
1
. 1
3
3
2
3
=
+
}

dt
t
t
EXAMPLE
} }
} }

< +
> +
=
6
4
2
2
6
0
0
2 -
) ( . ) ( .
f(x)dx . ) ( .
0 , 2
0 , 2
) (
given that integral the evaluate part, each In . 1
dx x f d dx x f b
c dx x f a
x if x
x if x
x f
EXERCISES
} }
} }

>
s
=
5
2
1
1
1
10
1
1
0
) ( . ) ( .
f(x)dx . ) ( .
1 , 2
1 , 2
) (
given that integral the evaluate part, each In . 2
dx x f d dx x f b
c dx x f a
x if
x if x
x f
EXERCISES
a
b
d
c
Problem 19 page 360
Area =0.8
Area =2.6
Area =1.5
} }
} }
d
c
a
b
a
) ( . ) ( .
f(x)dx . ) ( .
find to figure in the shown areas the Use
a
c
b
dx x f d dx x f b
c dx x f a
Answers : Problem 19 page 360
0.8 dx ) x ( f . a
b
a
=
}
2.6 dx ) x ( f . b
c
b
=
}
-0.3 2.6 - 1.5 0.8 dx ) x ( f . d
d
a
= + =
}
1.8 - 2.6 - 0.8 f(x)dx . c
c
a
= =
}