SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Instructor: M. IRFAN ARSHAD

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Office: 051-9047554
E-mail: irfan.arshad@uettaxila.edu.pk
Text books and notes 1. Signals and Systems,
Oppenheim, Willsky 2
nd

edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.,
2003.
2. Signals And System
Haykin ,Van Veen , Wiley,
Inc., 1999.

Additional books
Outline
Motivation
Outline of course
Fundamentals
Power and energy of a signal
Transformation of time variable
Even and Odd Signals
Motivation
LTI
System
H(z)
G(z)
+
Fundamentals >> Signals
SIGNAL:A sort of information.
Broad definition: Functions of independent variables.
Examples: music, velocity of some car, your cash, voltage or
current in a circuit, your body temperature, your hearts
blood pumping rate..
Signals can be functions of single or multiple
independent variables .
We will only deal with signals that are functions of
single independent variable, particularly time t.
Fundamentals >> Signals (contd)
Signals can be:
Discrete x[n], n is integer.
Continuous x(t), t is real.
Signals can be represented in mathematical form:
x(t) = e
t
, x[n] = n/2

y(t) =

Discrete signals can also be represented as sequences:
{y[n]} = {,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,}
Exercise: Represent the above signals in graphical
form.

>
<

5
5
0
2
,t
,t
t
Fundamentals >> Systems
System is a black box that transforms input signals to output
signals.
Discrete-Time System: Input and output signals are discrete.



Continuous-Time System: Input and output signals are continuous.



Combination is also possible, e.g. analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog
converters.
H
x[n] y[n]
H
x(t) y(t)
Power and Energy of Signals
Energy: accumulation of absolute of the signal




Power: average of absolute of the signal
} }



A

= = dt t x dt t x E
T
T
T
2 2
) ( ) ( lim


=

A

= =
2 2
] [ ] [ lim n x n x E
N
N n
N
T
E
dt t x
T
P
T
T
T
T
2
lim ) (
2
1
lim
2

= =
}
1 2
lim ] [
1 2
1
lim
2
+
=
+
=


=

A

N
E
n x
N
P
N
N
N n
N
Power and Energy of Signals (contd)
Energy signal iff 0<E<, and so P=0.
e.g:


Power signal iff 0<P<, and so E=.
e.g:
Neither energy nor power, when both E and P are infinite.
e.g:
Exercise: Calculate power and energy for the above signals.

>
<
=

0 ,
0 , 0
) (
t e
t
t x
t
{ ...} 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ... ]} [ { = n x
t
e t x = ) (
Transformations of Time Variable
Three possible time transformations:
Time Flip (or reverse): x(-t), x[-n]
Flips the signal over the vertical axis.
Time Shift: x(t+a), x[n+a]
On horizontal axis, shifts to the right when a<0, shifts to the left when
a>0.
Time Scale: x(at), x[an] for a>0.
On horizontal axis, scales the signal length down when a>1, scales it
up when a<1.

Transformations of Time Variable (contd)
Time-flip example:




Time-shift example:

-2 -1 2 1
t
x(t) x(-t)
t
-2 -1
t
1
x(t-1)
-2 -1
t
-3
x(t+1)
1
1
1
1
Transformations of Time Variable (contd)
Time-scale example:




Combinations are possible:
-1/2
t
-1
x(2t)
-2 -1
t
-3
x(t/2)
-4
-1/2
t
-1
x(-2t) x(-t+3)
2 1
t
4 3 6 5
1 1
1 1
Transformations of Time Variable (contd)
Be careful when combining the transformations.
e.g. x(-t+3) = x
1
(t-3) where x
1
(t)= x(-t) or
x(-t+3) = x
2
(-t) where x
2
(t)= x(t-3)
Given y(t) below, find y(-3t+6) in different orders:
flip/shift/scale flip/scale/shift, shift/flip/scale.
y(t)
2 1
t
2
3
-2
Even and Odd Signals
x[n] is even, if x[n]=x[-n]
x[n] is odd, if x[-n]=-x[-n]
Any signal x[n] can be divided into two parts:
Ev{x[n]} = (x[n]+x[-n])/2
Od{x[n]} = (x[n]-x[-n])/2
The arguments above are also valid for continuous signals.
Exercise: Divide the following signals into even and odd parts:
x[n]
-1
-2
n
1

2
1

-1
1
y(t)
-1 1
t
Unit Step
Discrete Unit Step

u[n]=

Discrete Shifted Unit Step

u[n-k]=

<
>
0
0
0
1
,n
,n
u[n]
-1 -2
n
1 -3 3 2
1

<
>
k ,n
k ,n
0
1
u[n-k]
-1
n
1 k
1
Unit Step (contd)
Continuous Unit Step

u(t)=

Continuous Shifted Unit Step

u(t-t)=

<
>
0
0
0
1
,t
,t
t
1

<
>
t
t
,t
,t
0
1
u(t- t)
t
t
1
u(t)
Unit Step (contd)
Continuous Unit Step is discontinuous at t=0, so is not
differentiable!
Define delayed unit step:





u
c
(t) is continuous and differentiable.

<
>
+
=
otherwise
,t
,t
t
t u
,
2 /
2 /
2
1
0
1
) ( c
c
c
c
t
1
u
c
(t)
2
c
2
c

) ( lim ) (
0
t u t u
c
c
=

< <
=
otherwise
t ,
dt
t du
,
2 / 2 /
0
1
) (
c c
c
c
Unit Impulse
Discrete Unit Impulse




Discrete Shifted Unit Impulse

=
=
=
0
0
0
1
] [
,n
,n
n o
o[n]
-1 -2
n
1 -3 3 2
1
o[n-k]
-1
n
1 k
1

=
=
=
k ,n
k ,n
k n
0
1
] [ o
Unit Impulse (contd)
Properties of discrete Unit Impulse functions:

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
k
n
k
k n k x n x
k n k x k n n x
n x n n x
k n u
n u n u n
] [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] 0 [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] [
] 1 [ ] [ ] [
o
o o
o o
o
o
Unit Impulse (contd)
Continuous Unit Impulse:




0
( )
0 , 0
( ) 1
,t
t
t
t dt
c
c
o
o

=
}

< <
= =

otherwise
t ,
dt
t du
t
,
2 2
0
1
) (
lim ) (
0
c c
c
o
c
c
t
1/c
o
c
(t)
2
c
2
c

t
c0
o(t)
Unit Impulse (contd)
Continuous Shifted Unit Impulse:

Properties of continuous unit impulse:



) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
) (
t o t t o
o o
o o
t t o
o
=
=
=
=
=
}

t x t t x
t x t t x
t t
d t u
dt
t du
t
t
t
o(t-t)
t
}

= t t o t d t x t x ) ( ) ( ) (
Exercises
Calculate the following expressions:





Sketch the following signals:



Sketch derivative of x(t), i.e. dx(t)/dt.
dt t t u t
k n n n nu
n k n
}


=

= =
+
+
10
10
0
10
)) 15 ( ) ( (
] 2 [ ] [
o
o
)) 8 ( ) 6 ( ) 4 ( ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) (
] 3 [ ] [ ) 1 ( ] [
+ + + =
+ =
t u t u t u t t u t t x
n nu n u n n x
Signals as Step Functions
t
c
x(t)
a
b
1
y(t)
-1 1
t
1
w(t)
-1 1
t
2
z(t)
-1
1
t
2
-2
Signals as Step Functions (contd)
x[n]
-1
n
1 N
1
y[n]

-1
n
1 4
1
-2 3 2 5 -3

Exercises on Unit Step and Impulse
Evaluate the following expressions:


Sketch derivative of the following signals:
}

1
) (
1
t t o
t
d t
1
y(t)
-1 1
t
1
z(t)
-1 1
t
}

t
d u t t t ) ( ) (cos
}

t
dt t o t ) ( ) (cos