Chapter 19 The Reproductive System

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Male Reproductive System

1. Production of sperm cells 2. Sustaining and transfer of sperm cells to the female. 3. Production of male sex hormone

Female Reproductive System

1. Production of female sex cells 2. Reception of sperm cells from the male 3. Nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual 4. Production of female sex hormone

 Saclike structure containing the testes Divided into right and left by a suptum Externally it is composed of skin Loose connective tissue and a layer of smooth muscle, called DARTOS MUSCLE. In cold temperature, the dartos muscle contracts Cremaster muscles Response of Cremaster and Dartos muscle is important in regulation of temperature in the testes

 The formation of sperm cells Puberty Spermatogenesis begins Sertoli cells nourish the germ cells and produce a number of hormones Spermatogonia most peripheral germ cells (Primitive sperm cell)
They undergo mitotis

Primary spermatocyte - Mieosis At the end of spermatogenesis, they are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

Epididymis Sperm cells continue to mature final maturation area & storage site for sperm Develop the ability to swim Capacitation final changes in the sperm cell, occurs after ejaculation Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Spermatic cord ( + Testicular artery & veins, lymphatic vessels, testicular nerve) Surrounded by cremaster muscle 45cm, ampula of ductus deferens

Urethra Extends from the urinary bladder to the end of penis Prostatic urethra passes through the prostate gland Membranous urethra passes through the floor of the pelvis. Spongy urethra extends the length of the penis.

Seminal vesicles
Empty into ejaculatory duct Produce about 60% of semen

Fructose and nutrients Fibrinogen weak coagulation

contribute a large amount of fluid to the semen during ejaculation. The fluid, rich in fructose and enzymes, helps to maintain and nourish the sperm.

Prostate gland
Produces about 30% of semen

secretes enzymes and fluid that help to neutralize the acid environment of the urethra and vagina. Secretes slightly acidic prostate fluid

Bulbourethral glands (also called Cowper's gland)

Contribute about 5% to semen secretes a fluid that helps to neutralize the pH and lubricate the urethra and vagina to create an optimal environment for the sperm.

Secretions
Semen

Composite of sperm cells and secretions

Emission

Discharge of semen into prostatic urethra

Ejaculation

Forceful expulsion of semen from urethra

 Male sex organ for copulation, and functions to transfer sperm cells from the male to the female. Contains 3 erectile columns of erectile tissue Engorgement of this erectile tissue causes the Penis to enlarge and become firm ERECTION

 Male sexual behavior Testosterone required to initiate and maintain Male sex act Complex series of reflexes that result in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission, ejaculation Sensations result in orgasm associated with ejaculation and then resolution

Erection: Controlled by hypothalamus and spinal cord. Increased vasodilation of arterioles. Parasympathetic nervous system. Blood flow (sinusoids) into the erectile tissues of the penis. Emission: Movement of semen into the urethra. Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system. Ejaculation: Forcible expulsion of semen from the urethra out of the penis. Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system.

 60-150 million sperm/ml ejaculate. Oligospermia: Sperm count of < 20 million/ml ejaculate. Decreased fertility caused by heat, pharmaceuticals, and illicit drugs. Male contraception: Compounds that suppress gonadotropin secretion. Testosterone. Progesterone and GnRH antagonist. Vasectomy: Each ductus deferens is cut and tied. Interferes with sperm transport. May develop anti-sperm antibodies.

Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina

 The functions of the female reproductive organs are summarized below: The vagina (also called the birth canal) receives the penis and the sperm during copulation, allows for the discharge of fluid during menstruation, and the birth of the baby. The cervix secretes mucus that varies during the menstrual cyclefrom thin (to facilitate sperm entry) to thick (to prevent sperm entry). The uterus is the site of implantation of the fertilized egg and is where the developing embryo is nourished and maintained. During the menstrual cycle, the uterine lining undergoes several phases under hormonal control. The fallopian tubes are the site of fertilization of the egg. They contain cilia that pass the egg from the fimbria to the uterus.

The fimbriae "capture" the egg after it is expelled from the ovaries and funnel it into the infundibulum.
The ovaries produce eggs (oogenesis) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

 Uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes or oviducts) Infundibulum End closest to the ovary with numerous fimbriae Ampulla The middle portion Isthmus A short segment connected to the uterine wall Fimbrae Opening to the ovaries Fertilization occurs in uterine tube 12-24 hours after ovulation During passage from infundibulum to uterus

 Muscular organ
Mechanical protection Nutritional support Waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus

Supported by the broad ligament and 3 pairs of suspensory ligaments

Uterus
Body Isthmus Cervix Cervical os (internal orifice) Uterine cavity Cervical canal Internal os (internal orifice)

Uterine wall consists of three layers:

Myometrium outer muscular layer Endometrium a thin, inner, glandular mucosa Perimetrium an incomplete serosa continuous with the peritoneum

Uterine Wall

Figure 28.19b

 Female organ of copulation, receives the penis during copulation. Allow menstrual flow and childbirth Wall- outer smooth muscle, inner mucus membrane Hymen

Behavioral Method Abstinence Coitus interruptus Rhythm method

Chemical Methods Oral contraceptives Morning-after pills Surgical Methods Vasectomy Tubal ligation Abortion Prevention of implantation Intrauterine devices

Barrier Methods Condom Vaginal condom Diaphragm Spermicidal douches Foams