Gametogenesis Testis structure - seminiferous tubules lining epithelium germinal epithelium - Sertoli cells - basal lamina parenchyma spermatogenic

ic cells specific subtype pseudostratified columnar epithelium subtype simple, single layer fundamental type - epithelial stroma specific subtype loose connective tissue between seminiferous tubules - subtype connective tissue proper, fibrous/collageneous, regular - parenchyma fibroblast - interstitial cell of Leydig secrete testosterone

Cells of the lining epithelium - under the influence of testosterone spermatogonia 2n, diploid Type A pale staining nucleus mitotically active puberty Type B dark nulcei mitotically inactive precursor of type A primary spermatocyte 4n, tetraploid secondary spermatocytes 2n, haploid spermatids 1n, haploid spermatozoa 1n, haploid Sertoli cells sythesize ABP 2n diploid secrete inhibin inhibit FSH synthesis and release secrete fluid transport of sperm cells under the influence of FSH anterior pituitary promote the synthesis of ABP

Ductus epididymis extratesticular genital duct lining epithelium specific subtype - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia long modified microvilli - basal lamina - subtype simple, single layer - fundamental type epithelial tissue - specialized membrane structure stereocilia - under the influence of testosterone principal cells tall columnar with stereocilia - reabsorb and phagocytize residual bodies not removed by sertoli - secretory glycerophocphocholine androgen basal cells stem cells muscle coat inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscles - peristalsis - specific subtype smooth muscle - subtype muscle - fundamental muscle tissue

Ovary covering mesothelium of peritoneum compartment/layer cortex primary oocyte-containing ovarian follicle stroma fibrous connective tissue medulla blood vessels loose connective tissue no ovarian follicle Ovarian follicle primary oocyte arrested in prophase, first meiotic division - surrounding epithelium follicular cells with basal lamina primordial follicle simple squamous primary follicle unilaminar - simple cuboidal multilaminar -stratified cuboidal - granulosa cells zona pellucida - glycoprotein stroma theca interna cellular layer theca externa fibrous layer not dependent to FSH

secondary follicle - fluid-filled space coalase - antrum dependent to FSH stimulate granulosa cells to convert androgen to estrogen and manufacture LH receptors - theca interna sythesize androgen tertiary follicle mature graffian follicle granulosa cumulus oophorus corona radiata LH surge completion of first meiosis just prior to ovulation ovulation occurs release of secondary oocytes from mature graffian follicle trasnform into secondary oocytes arrested at first polar body metaphase second meiosis - free in the peritoneal cavity - cumulus oophorus - corona radiata - zona pellucida remaining granulosa cells and theca corpus luteum of pregnancy

Corpus luteum granulosa lutein cells peripherally located synthesize most of progesterone theca lutein cells centrally located synthesize progesterone progesterone prepares and maintain endometrium for implantation primary oocyte - 4n, tetraploid - arrested at prophase, diplotene stage first meiotic division - complete prior to ovulation, before it is release from the mature graffian follicle secondary oocyte - 2n, haploid (two chromatis) - arrested at metaphase, second meiotic division - first polar body - completed during fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube - ampulla

stimulus for the completion of second meoisis 1. sperm penetrate corona radiata and zona pellucida 2. plasma membrane of sperm and oocyte fuse products of second meiotic division Ovum - 1n, haploid ( one chromatid) second polar body Fallopian tube mucosa lining epithelium specific subtype - simple columnar ciliated ( transport ) and secretory/peg cell ( nutrient-rich medium) subtype simple, single layer fundamental - epithelial lamina propia loose connective tissue muscularis - inner and outer layers of smooth muscle rhythmic contraction serosa mesothlium simple squamopus epithelium

Uterus layer - endometrium sublayer functional layer under the influence of estrogen and progesterone spiral arteries basal layer cyclic regeneration mucosa lining epithelium specific subtype simple columnar ciliated - basal lamina, type IV collagen endometrial glands simple columnar endomatrial stroma stromal cells Functional layer estrogen effects proliferative phase glands and mucosa proliferate progesterone effects predecidua secretory glands - glycogen

Blastocyts formed in the fallopian tube ampulla from morula with zona pellucida dissolution allows implantation to occur cells blastomere - 2n, diploid blastocoele cavity - become yolk sac inner cell mass ---- embryo - fetus epiblast hypoblast amnion outer cell mass trophoblast - placenta cytotrophoblast around the blastocoele and inner cell mass divide and fuse to form syncytitrophoblast outer , around the remaining cytotorphoblast

Placenta - hemchorial placenta maternal blood directly bathes the chorionic surface 1. membrane amnion amniotic cavity - anlage epiblast (floor of amniotic cavity) - simple cuboidal epithelium chorion anlage - extraembryonic mesoderm fused with amnion 2. chorionic plate anlage extraembryonic mesoderm anchoring chorionic villi - give rise to branch villi project into the intervillous space free or floating chorionic villi fetal surface

3rd trimester placenta/mature placenta/ term placenta tertiary villi - interconnect umbilical arteries and vein surface epithelium - syncytiotrophoblast fused cytotrophoblast mutinulceated arrangement - syncytium secrete HCG, progesterone and lactogen stroma - loose connective tissue mesenchymal extraembryonic mesoderm capillaries derived from fetal blood vessels fetal blood 4. intervillous spaces anlage lacunae contents maternal blood and floating villi

3. umbilical cord anlage connecting stalk Whartons jelly loose connective tissue - rich in Hyaluronic acid - rubbery, gelatinous character unlikely that twist or turns will result in constrictions of the vessels umbilical arteries internal iliac artery, superior vesical aretries and medial umbilical ligaments - deoxygenated blood from fetus umbilical vein ligamentum teres - oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus - drain the placenta allantois diverticulum of yolk sac fate urachus - band of fibrotic connective tissue attaches the bladder to the umbilicus

5. Decidua maternal surface feeding vessel maternal spiral arteries aprenchyma decidual cells endometrial stroma transformed by progesterone anlage predecidua Functions limit the invasiveness of syncytiotrophoblast preventing materna immunologic recognition secrete nutrients

Development of Musculoskeletal System intraembronic mesoderm somites sclerotome vertebral column ribs sternum skull associated connective tissue dermatomyotome dermis and skeletal muscle intermediate mesoderm lateral mesoderm somatic mesoderm body musculature limb splanchnic mesoderm visceral organs - smooth muscle, connective tissues notochord nucleus pulposus

Development of skin surface ectoderm epidermis hair bud anlage of hair follicle sebaceous glands anlage hair bud secretion sebum epithelial cord of cells anlage of sweat glands dermatome papillary layer loose connective tissue reticular layer dense irregular connective tissue

Development of the Respiratory System Nasal cavities nasal placode ( ectodermal thickening ) - anlage invaginate into the nasal swelling mesenchyme forming Nasal pit Respiratory diverticulum - anlage of trachea bronchus, bronchioles and lungs - derived from foregut - tracheo-esophageal septum completely separate it from developing esophagus endoderm - lining epithelium and serous mucous glands, pneumocytes I and II splanchnic mesoderm - connective tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage, BVs and lymphatics alveoli Pericardioperitoneal canals anlage of pleural cavities

Glandular stage respiratory diverticulum to 4th month of development

Development of the Cardiovascular System mesechyme (surrounding the blood islands) differentiate into endothelial cells vesicular sacs fuse --------- primitive blood vessels endocardial heart tube anlage of heart - endothelial cells differentiate into endocardium myoepicardial mantle anlage of myocardium and epicardium - splanchnic mesoderm between heart tube and mantle cardiac jelly endocardial cushion Heart conduct blood to the aortic arches drain into the dorsal aorta descending aorta

Primitive heart three major vessels empty into sinus venosus vitelline vein umbilical vein common cardinal vein drain the head and neck - superior vena cava body subcardinal vein analage posterior cardinal vein later form left renal gonadal supra renal inferior vena cava bet renal vein and the liver vitelline veins anlage of liver sinusoids anlage - left vitteline vein hepatic vein portal vein anlage - left vitteline vein posthepatic IVC anlage - right vitelline vein

Umbilical vein anlage of hepatic sinusoids Ductus venosus coalescence of hepatic sinusoids - anlage - vitelline vein and umbilical vein - receive oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein Fate of umbilical vein ligamentum teres hepatis streak of connective tissue ductus venosus ligamentum venosum band of connective tissue umbilical arteries medial umbilical ligaments branches of umbilical arteries persist blood supply to Urinary bladder

DEVELOPMENT OF THE VENOUS SYSTEM develops from the vitelline, umbilical, and cardinal veins that empty into the sinus venosus.

Development of the Digestive System primitive gut anlage part of yolk sac foregut celiac artery midgut - superior mesenteric artery hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery yolk sac endoderm lining epithelium and the glands splanchnic mesoderm lamina propia - loose connective tissue submucosa dense irregular muscularis - smooth msucle serosa mesothelium neural crest Myenteric plexus and Meissners plexus Foregut diverticula anlage of liver diverticulum liver biliary apparatus hepatic duct, CBD, GB dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds - pancreas

Esophagus skeletal muscle in the muscularis externa derived from pharyngeal arch mesenchyme smooth muscle in the muscularis externa splanchnic mesoderm Stomach fusifrom dilatation of foregut anlage suspended by dorsal and ventral mesogastrium Proximal duodenum anlage caudal portion of foregut and cranial portion of midgut junction of foregut and midgut entrance of CBD into the duodenum Liver and Biliary apparatus liver diverticulum anlage hepatic cords intrabiliary ducts epithelial ling of the bilary apparatus - hepatic duct and GB splanchnic mesodrem glissons capsule, reticular stroma smooth muscle of the biliary apparatus

Pancreas anlage dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds ventral pancreatic bud main pancreatic duct uncinate process head, inferior portion dorsal pancreatic bud accessory pancreatic duct rest of the pancreas body and tail endodermally derived cells of islet of Langerhan alpha and beta cells pancreatic acinar cells lining epithelium of the intra and extra pancreatic ducts Midgut herniation - segments project into the extraembryonic coelom surrounded by components of umbilical cord intestinal loops segments distal to bile duct to proximal two third of the transverse colon

Hindgut distal one third to proctodeum cloaca expansion at most caudal extent anlage of rectum and anus lining epithelium endoderm connective tissue and muscles splanchnic mesoderm divide by urorectal septum into rectum anal canal urogenital sinus