DR.

AJIT SHEWALE

 Direct interventionsEntitlement Feeding Programmes

ICDS (All Children under six, Pregnant and lactating mother) MDMS (All Primary School children) Balwadi nutrition programme Special nutrition programme prophylaxis against nutritional anaemia

Food Subsidy Programmes

Targeted Public Distribution System Annapurna Yojna , Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)

Indirect interventionsSocial Safety Net Programmes

National Old Age Pension Scheme (Monthly pension to BPL)1995 National Family Benefit Scheme (Compensation in case of death of bread winner to BPL families)1995

Employment Programmes
National Rural Employment Scheme (100 days of employment at minimum wages) SGRY I & II, NFFWP,

WELFARE SCHEMES
Food Corporation of India is also issuing food grains under various schemes of the Govt. of India:
Mid-Day-Meal Nutrition Programme SC/ST/OBC Hostels & Welfare Institutions Annapurna Sampoorn Gramin Rozgar Yojna (SGRY)

National Food for Work Programme

Scheme for Adolescent Girls, Pregnant & Lactating

Mothers and World Food Programme (WFP)

Mid-day-meal(national programme of nutrition support to primary education)

Introduced by GOI w.e.f. 15th August, 1995. The Scheme covers students (Class I-V) in the Government

Primary Schools / Primary Schools aided by Govt. and the Primary Schools run by local bodies. Food grains (wheat and rice) are supplied free of cost @ 100 gram per child per school day where cooked/processed hot meal is being served with a Minimum content of 300 calories and 8-12 gms of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days 3 kgs per student per month for 9-11 months in a year, where foodgrains are distributed in raw form. In drought affected areas the mid day meal is distributed in summer vacations also.

Food Corporation of India (FCI) releases food grains to States/UTs at BPL rates as per allocation made by Department of Elementary Education and Literacy. From October 2007 the scheme has further extended upto middle standard (VIth to VIIIth). Under this Scheme, every child is entitled to 150 gms. of foodgrains per school day.

Wheat based nutrition programme 1986

Govt. of India , Dept. of Child and Women Development

has introduced a scheme namely Nutrition Programme for the development of children below the age of 6 years, pregnant woman and nursing/lactating mothers. A centrally sponsored programme was introduced in 1986 but now transferred to the State Sector. This programme follow the norms of SNP or of the nutrition component of the ICDS. Central Assistance for the programme consist of supply of free wheat and supportive costs for other ingredients, cooking, transport etc. Food grain is being released to State Govts. on prepayment basis under this scheme at BPL rates w.e.f. 1.11.2000.

SC/ST/OBC hostels & welfare institutions

The Ministry of CAF & PD and the Ministry of

Social Justice & Empowerment Hostels - eligible to draw 15 Kgs. foodgrains per resident per month. GOI decided that from 2.11.2000 foodgrains (wheat/rice) will also be allotted to the State Governments at the rate of 5 Kg per head per month for indigent people living in Welfare Institutions, such as, Beggar Homes, Homes for Nari Niketan etc. Foodgrains are supplied by FCI at BPL rates.

Sampoorn gramin rozgar yojna (SGRY)

Sampoorn gramin rozgar yojna (sgry)

These programme has been formed after merging EAS and JGSY(meant for additional employment and need based rural infrastructure respectively)in 2001 The expenditure of the scheme will be shared by the Centre and State in the ratio of 87.5:12.5 .However the Cash component is shared between centre and state in the ratio of 75:25 .

 Food grains are also allotted under Special Component

of SGRY to drought / flood affected areas. Wheat and rice issued free of cost to the States/UTs and subsequently bills are raised at Economic Cost with the Ministry of Rural Development About 100 crore mandays of work are envised to be gernerated in rural areas through SGRY

National food for work programme

A need for the new programme was felt because the

existing resources in the SGRY were not sufficient to meet the requirement of additional wage employment in most backward districts Prime Minister of India has launched NFFWP in identified 150 most backward districts of the country during the month of November 2004. The labour is engaged for development works and then a part of their wages is given as food grains. Food grains are issued free of cost to the States/UTs and bills are subsequently raised with MORD at BPL rates.

FUNDING PATTERN The programme will be implemented as a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Food grains will also be provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food grains will, however, be the responsibility of the States. Food grains should be given as part of wages under the NFFWP to the rural poor at the rate of 5 Kg. per man day. More than 5 kg food grains can be given to the laborer's under this program me in exceptional cases subject to a minimum of 25% of wages to be paid in cash.

Village grain bank scheme

Scheme provides Grants for establishment of

Village Grain Banks to prevent deaths of Schedule Tribes specially children in remote and backward tribal villages facing or likely to face starvation and also to improve nutritional standards. The scheme provides funds for :
building storage facility, procurement of weights & measures and

the purchase of initial stock of one quintal of food grains

of local variety for each family.

 To promote the habit of self-help among the tribals. To combat the problem of food grains scarcity during the lean season. To avoid or reduce dependency on local money lenders or traders for borrowing grains during the lean season at exorbitant rates of interest.

 According to the revised guideline, about 30-40 BPL

families may form a grain bank. One quintal of food grains is allotted per family as one time grant. An Executive Committee comprising 3-5 residents of the village with at least one woman is formed to run the bank. There is a provision in the scheme to train up the members of Executive committee on functioning of the grain bank. For construction and other purposes cash component @ 14,000/-per unit is allotted to each grain bank.

Food laws and Regulations

To meet a countrys sanitary requirements Ensure the safety and suitability of food for consumers Govern food quality and composition standards.

Food Safety and Standards Act

The Indian Parliament has recently passed the Food Safety

and Standards Act, 2006that overrides all other food related laws. It will specifically repeal eight laws:
The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 The Fruit Products Order, 1955 The Meat Food Products Order, 1973 The Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947 The Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order, 1998 The Solvent Extracted Oil, De oiled Meal, and Edible Flour

(Control) Order, 1967 The Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992 Essential Commodities Act, 1955 relating to food

Food Safety and Standards Act

Objectives FSSA, 2006

An Act to consolidate the laws

relating to food

To establish the Food Safety and

Standards Authority of India

Laying down science based

standards for articles of food and to regulate their manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import, to ensure availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

Central Advisory Committee (CAC)

CAC ensures cooperation between Food Authority and

the enforcement agencies Advise to Food Authority on Proposal for FAs work programme Prioritization of work Identifying potential risks Knowledge Pooling such other functions as may be specified by regulations CAC meet regularly- min thrice a year or upon invitation

Voluntary Standards
There are two organizations that deal with voluntary

standardization and certification systems in the food sector.

The

Bureau of Indian Standards looks after standardization of processed foods Standardization of raw agricultural produce is under the purview of the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection.

Farmers rights and food security: the new legislation in India

Once the farmer plants a variety of seed on which

someone has a Breeders Right, Farmers Rights will allow that he or she can sell the produce of the farm. The farmer will also have the right to save this seed, to sow the next crop.

 The new law also allows the farmer to exchange and

share his farm produce with others. However, what the farmer can not do, according to the new law, is sell seed. The denial of the right to sell will lead to loss of income for the farmer, from seed sale. Far more worrying is that it will lead to the farming community losing control over seed production.

National Food Security Act

Aimed at protecting all children, women and men in

India from hunger and food deprivation. Aside from creating new food entitlements, the Act would place a range of existing food-related schemes on a new footing and set new standards of delivery, transparency and accountability for social programmes.

Life Cycle Approach

The food entitlements created by this Act should cover

the entire life cycle of a human being The first 1000 days in a childs life (starting with conception up to the end of 2 years of age) ought to receive special attention

PDS Recommendations:
1) The National Food Security bill guarantees subsidised food grains to at least 90% of rural households, and 50% of urban households. 2) Shift from household food entitlements to individual food entitlements.
Per Capita Entitlements

Contd....
3) Differential monthly entitlements :
7 kgs. per person for those in the priority category
4 kgs. per person in the general category

4) Differential prices : The price to be paid by individuals in the general category should not exceed 50% of the Minimum Support Price (MSP).

Contd....
5) Adoption of a social inclusion approach
Households belonging to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal

Groups (PTGs). Household designated as most discriminated against Scheduled Caste (SC) groups, called Maha Dalit Groups if so identified by the state Single women headed households. Households with disabled persons as bread earners. Households headed by a minor. Destitute households Homeless households. Households where any member is a bonded labourer.

Contd....
6) The NAC recommends the current issue prices to Antyodaya households (Rs 3 per kg for rice and Rs 2 per kg for wheat) as the issue prices for priority groups. An even lower price, Re 1 per kg, is proposed for millets in order to promote their consumption on nutrition grounds. 7) The NAC recommends that the issue prices to the general category should be substantially below the market prices and not exceed half of the respective Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for rice, wheat and millets.

Contd....
8) The NAC strongly recommends inclusion of other nutritious cereals (such as bajra, jowar, ragi, and maize) as part of the food security basket. 9) The NAC recommends an expansion of decentralised procurement as the path to higher procurement. More and more states should be encouraged to procure locally.

Non-PDS Recommendations
1) Universalization with Quality of ICDS: - extending all ICDS services to every child under the age of 6 years, all pregnant women and lactating mothers and all adolescent girls 2) Anganwadi centres: In every habitation of at least 300 persons open to all children (including those of migrant workers), with no eligibility criterion other than age.

Contd....
3) Mid Day Meals :
School meal should also be available to every out-of-

school child, provided during school holidays as well as during droughts and natural or human-made disasters.

4) Counselling and support for breastfeeding : Include as Legal Entitlement 5) Supplementary feeding : - All supplementary nutrition should be provided through local groups such as Self Help Groups (SHGs) and mahila mandals.

6) Maternity Benefits: to provide maternity benefits to all women, except those who or whose spouses are in formal employment and therefore eligible to other sources of maternity benefits. 7) Victims of disasters: Populations at risk should be entitled to subsidized foodgrains on the same terms as designated priority groups and be guaranteed special ration cards for at least one year after the disaster .

Contd....

Few Issues Under Social Protection Programmes

Universal vs. Targeting: There is an increasing demand for universal social protection measures. Costs of targeting: administrative, incentive (deadweight), disutility and stigma, and political. Self targeting is better. Universalists argue that targeted programs exclude many poor. India has different types : PDS targeted, ICDS universal, NREGA self targeted. There is some merit in universal argument

Issues
Direct cash transfers and CCTs: As in many other countries, India does not have cash transfers or CCTs in the form of social assist. Kapur et al (2008) argue for introduction of cash transfers in place of social protection programs like PDS, rural housing, self empl. and fertilizer subs. Several arguments are given in favour of cash transfers (less administrative costs, less burden on administration, reduction in patronage and corruption.). They cite the examples of Latin America.

Conclusion
In a country where food insecurity and malnutrition are

high, food based programmes play important role in social protection. Food management policies have helped the farmers and consumers although room for improvement. There are success stories in diiferent parts of India in food based programmes. But, there is a need for strengthening these programmes. Rights approach plays an important role in social protection. To conclude, social protection programs are important to reduce chronic poverty and reduce risk and vulnerability. They can increase growth, equity and social cohesion.

Criticism on NFSA
No elements of change for equity in food production and income distribution.
Need for a Universal Public Distribution System No pulses or oil Nothing on how to prevent political and administrative interference in appointment and

funding No Guard Against Inflation, No Guarantee of Funding by Central Government

NEED FOOD SECURITY MISSION ?

The growth in food grain production has stagnated during recent past while the consumption need of the growing population is increasing. To meet the growing foodgrain demand, National Development Council in its 53rd meeting adopted a resolution to enhance the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tons respectively by 2011. The proposed Centrally Sponsored Scheme National Food Security Mission (NFSM) is to operationalize the resolution of NDC and enhance the production of rice, wheat and pulses.

KEY FEATURES OF NFSM

The scheme to be implemented in a mission mode through a farmer centric approach

All the Stakeholders to be actively associated at the District levels for achieving the set goal.
The scheme aims to target the select districts by making available the improved technologies to the farmers through a series of planned interventions. A close monitoring mechanism proposed to ensure that interventions reach to the targeted beneficiaries.

STRATEGY
1

Expansion of area of Pulses and expansion of area in rice

Wheat, No

2. Bridging the yield gap between the potential and the present level of productivity through
Acceleration of seed production
Integrated

Management

Nutrient

Management

and

Integrated

Pest

Promotion of new production technologies like hybrid rice, timely

planting of wheat Pulses.

and promotion of new

improved variety

of

Supply of input ensuring their timely availability Farmers Training and Visits

STRUCTURE OF MISSION
General Council
National Food Security Mission Executive Committee State Food Security Mission Executive Committee State Food Security Mission (autonomous agency)

District Food Security Mission Executive Committee

District Food Security Mission (autonomous agency)

COMPONENTS OF NFSM
RICE: Demonstration of improved technology including hybrid and System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Promotion of mechanical weeders and other farm implements Extension, training and mass media campaign Awards for best performing district in each State. WHEAT: Providing subsidy on diesel pumpsets and community generators for irrigation Promotion of micronutrient use in deficient areas Assistance for innovative interventions at local level. PULSES: Increasing seed replacement rate to 25% from present level of 78% Promotion of sprinkler irrigation. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

FLOW OF FUND
Funds for the Missions programmes to be directly

released to the State Food Security Mission (SFSM) agency after approval by the National Executive Committee.
State Mission agency would ensure implementation of

the programmes, in a time-bound manner and would make available funds to the District level implementing agency in accordance with their approved programmes.
Funds would be released in installments based on

progress reports certificates

and

furnishing

of

utilization