BLOOD GROUP IN THE ABO SYSTEM AND THE RHESUS FACTOR

An example of a traits that is controlled by multiple alleles. There are four blood groups within the ABO system namely , , and . Determined by three alleles. There are allele ,allele and allele Each individual carries only two of the three alleles. The three alleles can be written as , , and .

Alleles and are dominant to alleles . Alleles IA and IB show . When both alleles are presents,they both have an effect. There are three alleles.Thus,there are six possible genotypes combinations. Each individual inherits one of these alleles from each parents.

Blood group A

IAIA or IAIO

Blood group B
Blood group AB Blood group O

IBIB or IBIO
IAIB IOIO

 Are other blood systems in humans that affect blood compatibility. Is a group of antigens in red blood cells. Will cause agglutination when it reacts with antibodies from individuals without this antigen. Controlled by a pair of alleles. If an individual has the Rhesus factors,he is known as . If he does not have the Rhesus factors,he is known as .

 The Rh allele is dominant to the rh allele. An individual who is Rh-positives has the genotypes or . An individual who is Rh-negatives has the genotypes .

Inheritance of Rhesus factors

INHERITANCE OF RHESUS FACTOR

Parents
Genotype

Father
(heterozygous Rh-positives)

Mother
(homozygous Rh-negative)

Rh-rh

rh

Gametes

R h

rh

rh

Genotypes of F1 Rh-rh Generation Rh-positives Phenotypes

rh-rh Rh-negatives

Autosomes And Sex Chromosomes

Each human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes. The chromosomes are arranged into 22 homologous pairs which are identical in size and shape. There is one odd pair made up of one large chromosomes and one smaller chromosomes.

The larger chromosomes is called the X chromosomes,the smaller chromosomes is called the Y chromosomes. Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an individual.

 Females have two identical sex chromosomes called X chromosomes.

Man have one X chromosomes and one smaller Y chromosomes.

The karyotype can show the chromosomes of an

individual with genetics disease or disorder.

Female karyotypes

Male karyotype

Downs syndrome is an example of a genetics disorder in which patients has trisomy 21(having three chromosomes 21 instead of two) A person with Downs syndrome has slanted eyes,protruding tongue,broad face,short palms and may be mentalled retarded.

Male karyotype

Female karyotype

SEX DETERMINATION IN HUMANS

The somatic cell of a human male has 44+XY chromosomes.The sperm may contain 22+X chromosomes or 22+Y chromosomes. A females somatic cell has 44+XX chromosomes.Her ovum contains 22+X chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are transmitted in a normal mendelian manner as shown below. There is an equal probability of having a baby boy or a baby girl. As the sperm may be carrying the X chromosomes or Y chromosomes,hence,the sex of a child is determined by the father.

SEX DETERMINATION IN HUMANS

Parents Phenotype: Genotype: Father male 44+XY x Mother female 44+XX

Gametes:

22+X

22+Y

22+X

22+Y

Offspring Genotype: 44+XX 44+XX Phenotype: Female Female

44+XY Male

44+XY Male

 Six-linked inheritance is the inheritance genes

carried in the sex chromosomes,usually the X chromosomes.These sex-linked genes determined other traits. Examples of sex-linked inheritance are haemophilia and colour blindness.

 Is a hereditary disease in which the blood of the

affected person fails to clot quickly due the deficiency of the blood-clotting factor. This disease result in excessive loss of blood and haemophiliac may be bleed to death from minor injury. Haemophilia is caused by a recessive allele found on the X chromosomes. In males,they are either normal or inflicted with the disease as the allele is found in the X chromosome and the Y chromosome does not carry the allele.Thus,a normal male is XHY and a haemophiliac isXhY.

 In females,the presence of haemophilia allele on the two X

chromosomes produce the disease.A haemophiliac female is XhXh.

A normal female can be homogzygous dominant,

XHXH or heterozygous dominant,XHXh.A female who has XHXh is known as a carrier of the disease. Sex-linked diseases affect more males because males need one recessive allele only to inherit the disease while female need both recessive alleles.

 Situation:A normal male marries a female who is a

carrier. XHY:Male with normal blood clotting. XhY:Haemophiliac male. XHXH:Female with normal blood clotting. XHXh:Female with normal blood clotting(carrier). XhXh:Haemophiliac female.

Parents Phenotype: Genotype:

Father normal male XH Y

Mother normal female(carrier) XHXh

Gametes:

X
H

XH

Xh

Offspring Genotype: XHXH Phenotype: Normal Haemophiliac female

XHXh Normal
female (carrier)

XHY Normal
male

XhY

male

COLOUR-BLINDNESS
The most common colour blindness is the red-green colour blindness in which a person who is colour blind cannot differentiate between red and green. o Colour-blindness is caused by a recessive allele linked to the X chromosome.The allele for normal vision is dominant.
o

Situation:A colour-blind man marries a woman with normal vision. Let XC represent the allele for normal vision and Xc represent the allele for colour-blindness.

Xc

Parents Phenotype: Genotype:

Father Colour-blind male XcY

Mother Female with normal vision XCXC

Gametes:

Xc

XC

XC

Offspring Genotype: XCXc Phenotype: Female with normal vision (carrier)

XCXc Female with normal vision (carrier)

XCY Male with normal vision

XCY Male with normal vision

INHERITANCE OF COLOURBLINDNESS IN HUMAN

Other hereditary diseases include thalassaemia,albisnism and sickle-cell anaemia.They are due to defective allele found on the autosomes. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a six-linked hereditary disease.