Urban Planning & Environmental Governance

56th Senior Staff Course BPATC, Savar, Dhaka.

Class lecture prepared by

Md. Shamsul Arefin

Joint Secretary Ministry of Public Administration Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
21 April 2012

M. Shamsul Arefin

Definition of Urban Planning

Urban Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with a view to securing the physical, economic and social efficiency, health and well-being of urban communities. The goal of urban planning is to ensure welfare of the people and their communities by creating convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive environments for present and future generations. (Agenda 21)

Scope of Urban Planning

Deals with the future of a city.

Manages urban growth

Considerations: the physical, social and economic aspects of communities and examine the connections among them. Highly collaborative process: Working with local residents, politicians, and special groups. Much of planning is functional.

What do planners do?

Planners formulate plans to meet the social, economic, and physical needs of communities, and they develop the strategies to make these plans work, such as; Land use patterns Housing needs Parks and recreation Roads and transportation systems, Economic development strategies

Planning Process
Land use and its organization is an important function in the planning process Why your city is different from other cities in terms of layout , size and scenic beauty
Historical factors Economic factors Geographical factors Political factors Other considerations

The planning profession deals with urbanization issues, such as: conversion of land from natural habitats to urban built areas, maintenance and use of natural resources and habitats, development of transportation related infrastructure, environmental protection.

Planners not only deal with land use, but also:

Planning social and community services, Managing cultural and heritage resources, Creating economic capacity in local communities, Addressing transportation and infrastructure issues,

Planners must feel comfortable interpreting population statistics, economic and social data, geographical information, resource inventories and environmental indicators and have a genuine interest in geography and environment.

Urban Planning people

recommend policy and guidelines on land use, environmental conservation, housing, and transportation; do research and prepare reports on demographic, economic, cultural, social and environmental issues; review proposals for development to ensure that they follow regulations and generally accepted planning practice; prepare plans for developing private lands, providing public spaces and services and maintaining and improving the environment; answer questions from the public on planning policies and procedures; speak before public meetings or formal hearings; consult with landowners, interest groups and citizens.

Pillars Urban Planning & Environment

Urban planning integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve economic and social environments of cities. Urban planner cares for environment Urban Planners appreciate physical planning Urban planners acknowledges concepts of sustainable development Arefin 21 April 2012 M. Shamsul 9

Urban Policy Initiatives

The National Report on Human Settlements submitted to the UN Habitat I conference held at Vancouver in Canada in 1976 came close to a policy statement on human settlements and urbanization. Besides this, the various five year plan documents prepared between 1973 and 1998 also indicated urban policy directions. The National Habitat Report had recommended that various planning regions were to be identified and in each region one medium-sized town would be chosen as focal point of regional growth. The National Housing Policy 1993, The Bangladesh Urban and Shelter Sector Review (1993),

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Why Do We Need Urban Planning?

A city government usually includes sectoral approaches that manage individual sectors such as:
Transport Water and sewer Land Housing, etc. Waste Management Pollution control

Good sectoral management is indispensable but it is not enough!

Urban Planning Work Across Sectors

By contrast with sector managers, Urban Planners work across sectors For this reason their contribution to the efficiency of a city is unique

Urban Planning
Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson wrote Hygeia, City of Health (1876) envisioning:
air pollution control water purification sewage handling public transport public health Waste management

Father of City Planning

The Greek Hippodamus (c. 407 BC) has been known as the "Father of City Planning" for his design of Miletus; Alexander commissioned him to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the grandest example of idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world.

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Olmsteds Park Design Principles

1. SCENERY: design spaces in which movement creates constant opening up of new views and obscurity of detail further away 2. SUITABILITY: respect the natural scenery and topography of the site 3. STYLE:
Pastoral = open greensward with small bodies of water and scattered trees and groves create a soothing, restorative atmosphere Picturesque = profuse planting, especially with shrubs, creepers and ground cover, on steep and broken terrain create a sense of the richness and bounteousness of nature, produce a sense of mystery with light and shade

4. Art to conceal Art 5. SEPARATION:

of areas designed in different styles of ways, in order to ensure safety

6. SANITATION: promote both the physical and mental health of users

Source: National Association of Olmsted Parks: http://www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm

Settlement House Movement

Jane Addams founded Hull House (Chicago) 1889

Housing settlement must care for harmonious society

Garden Cities (a British innovation)

Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)

three magnets
town (high wages, opportunity, and amusement) country (natural beauty, low rents, fresh air) town-country (combination of both)

Ebenezer Howard
USA 1850-1928 Opposed urban crowding/density He wanted a city of village Priority Area of urban policy Water and sanitation Energy Health Biodiversity protection and ecosystem management

Best Practice

Best practices of urban Planning

Water quality and sanitation is ensured Most people have adequate light and air Fire danger is controlled Disease is controlled Security is protected Urban growth continues to create healthy and humanizing environments

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21 April 2012

Singapore

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Why Urban Planning is necessary

Extreme pressure on housing, growth of slums and the pressure on urban services. Economic: Leading to income inequality and poverty Social: resulting in increased violence and crime, social degradation. Cultural: entry of alien culture, loss of national cultural identity. Political: Heavy unrest of citizens

Environmental : water and air pollution, high level of noise pollution and degradation of land, uncollected garbage adds public health hazards, massive traffic congestions have become regular features, deforestation, cutting down of hills, encroachment and filling of water bodies
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Emerging Issues at City

Environmental crisis, pollution, inadequate solid waste management Poor transportation system and traffic congestion Pressure on land, housing, growth of slums and squatter settlements Pressure on all services (health, education, recreation, water, sanitation, electricity, fuel etc) Low productivity and system loss Inequality and poverty Insecurity Lawlessness, violence and crime
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Urban Planning Encourages

Growth of secondary cities and small towns.

Attention to allocation of land for housing of all income categories, particularly the low-income groups, and to space for economic activities for the poor. Adoption of a transportation system that would be efficient, affordable and environment friendly, (these may imply reducing dependence on private cars, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws non-mass public transport).

Protection of cities from floods and other natural hazards, water logging. Control of environmental pollution, such as pollution of air, water and land. 21 April 2012 M. Shamsul Arefin 26

Urban Planning Encourages

Higher

efficiency of urban centres by introducing better management and participatory governance.

Control of Traffic congestion.

Pure drinking water and sanitation system Making provision of public park and garden

Implementation of a comprehensive urban policy and improvement of environmental management

Sustainable development

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Environmental Management

Environmental Management is simply a set of procedures to reduce environmental footprint in our day-today activities. An EM is the combination of people, policies, procedures and plans to address environmental issues.
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The Continuous Cycle of Environmental Management

Plan Planning, identifying environmental aspects and establishing goals Do Implementing, includes training and operational controls Check Checking, includes monitoring and corrective action Act Reviewing, includes progress reviews and acting to make needed changes
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Environment Management Cycle

Management Review

Environmental Policy

Checking/ Corrective Actions

Measurement and Monitoring Corrective Actions

Continuous Improvement

Planning
Environmental Aspects Compliance Objectives and Targets Environmental Mgmt. Programs

Implementation
Roles and Responsibilities Training and Communication

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Governance Issues of Urban Planning & Environment

Compliance with Regulations Reduction of Waste Hazard Reduction of Energy Consumption Recycling of waste Green & clean city Pollution Prevention Reduce Traffic congestion
Create Drainage facilities
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Governance Issues of Urban Planning & Environment

Clean production technologies Developing more efficient energy technologies Maintain urban air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions Sound management of Road and traffic

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Protecting the Natural Resource Base

Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards and protect ecosystems Watershed and groundwater management Support water recycling Ensure the sustainable development of environmental protection

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Water and Sanitation

Water is not only the most basic of needs but is also at the center of sustainable development. Around 1.2 billion people still have no access to clean drinking water Around 2.4 billion people do not have adequate sanitation.
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Water and Sanitation

Some key issues: Prevent water pollution to reduce health hazards Protect ecosystems Introduce technologies for affordable sanitation, industrial and domestic wastewater treatment River basin and groundwater management Support water recycling

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Energy
Some 2 billion people lack access to electricity and rely on traditional fuel sources such as firewood, kerosene, or biomass for their cooking and heating & lighting.
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Urban Planning & Environmental management respects Biodiversity

Biodiversity - is a term we use to describe the variety of life on Earth.
It refers to the wide variety of ecosystems and living organisms like animals, plants, their habitats and their genes.

Managing environment means showing honor to biodiversity

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Urban Planning respects Ecology

The word "ecology" ("kologie") was used first in 1866 by
the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (18341919).
Ecology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with their environment Ecology is a sub-discipline of biology, the study of life. An observations on the natural history of plants and animals. Ecology is not synonymous with environment. It is closely related to physiology, evolutionary biology, genetics. Urban Planning respects Ecosystems ie every life-supporting function on the planet, including climate regulation.
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The Greenhouse Effect & Environment

A T M O S P H E R E

SUN

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Urban Policy & GHG Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit infrared radiation. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide
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Emission of GHGs in Bangladesh

GHG emission is low and negligible Per capita GHG emission is 230 kg only Sectoral consumption of electricity Industries (46%) Residential (45%) Commercial (7%) Others (2%) Large part of GHG is coming from electricity generation and transport sector Landfills also generate GHG
Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1 (July, 2000)" 21 April 2012 M. Shamsul Arefin 41

M. Shamsul Arefin

Source "Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: (Data) IPCC SRES Emissions Scenarios - Version 1.1 (July

42
2000)"

Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels, land use change and other industrial activities have increased the GHGs in the atmosphere that are liable for Global Warming. Cities are more vulnerable due to global warming.

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Consequences of Global Warming

Spread of dengue and other diseases Heavy rains & severe draughts Floods, storms, & hurricanes Changed rainfall patterns Warming and aridity

Loss of biodiversity
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Global primary energy consumption in 2006 15.8 TW = 15.8 x 1012 W Global population in 2006 6.56 billion

Global energy consumption per person in 2006

15.8 x 1012 W 6.56 x 109 2.4 kW
21 April 2012 M. Shamsul Arefin 45 Source: International Energy Annual 2006 (posted Dec 19, 2008) http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/

Energy Options
Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy

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Fuels
Oil Hydroelectric Nuclear

Global Consumption (in Million tonnes oil equivalent)

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1965

Coal Natural gas

1975

1985
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1995

2005
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Year

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008

1400 1200 1000 800 600

Indirect CO2 emissions from life cycle (in grams CO2 equivalent / kWh)
1306

Upper range Lower range

966

688 439

Nuclear fission energy is the best CO2 emissionsfree energy source so far.
280 4 100 48 10 21 9
48 Nuclear

400
236

200 0
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IAEA2000

Coal

Gas

M. Shamsul Arefin

Hydro

Solar PV

Wind

EF is 1.3 times the bio capacity in 2005. That is to say we need 1.3 planets to provide the resources we use and absorb our waste. This means, in 2005, it took the Earth one year and four months to regenerate what we use in a year.
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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

EF will be 2 times the bio capacity by the mid 2030 if current population and consumption trends continue according to moderate UN scenarios. It means by the mid 2030s we will need the equivalent of 2 Earths to support us.
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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

Ecological Footprint (EF)

EF measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, using prevailing technology.
EF does not include an economic indicator.

Sustainable global EF per capita = Total Bio capacity per capita

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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

Biocapacity

Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans.

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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

For the World

Total EF (billions gha) Total Biocapacity (billions gha)

1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

21 April 2012

Before 1986, the world consumed resources and produced CO2 at a rate consistent with what the planet could produce and reabsorb.
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Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

Urban Environment degradation Raw material Capital Energy ted Labour

Industry
Products
Unlimited Unlimited Environmental degradation
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Unlimited Waste material

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Forest industry waste

Most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.

These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high.

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Factory waste

More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.

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Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/

Computer industry waste

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M. Shamsul Arefin 57 Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/ close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com

Boat playing on a city road 21 April 2012 M. Shamsul Arefin 58

Water logging in Dhaka city road

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Solar System in the City

Electric Rail

PRT System

Conclusion
Planning is not just the layout of buildings
Planning should involve people in the process

Look at the different opportunities for the city

Balance among competing interests

Urban Planning is comprehensive: economic, social, environmental & design

Improved conditions for peoples lives

Manage scarce resources

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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