STUDENT TRAINER: MRS.

RUPALI
CLASS : 10TH
GROUP LEADER : PARVEEN
STUDENTS: SIMRAN MONIKA
ANURADHA
GOVT. HIGH SCHOOL
BASTI BAWA KHEL,
JALANDHAR.
PROCESS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

INTRODUCTION
ELEMENTS
WORKING
EFFECT ON
ATMOSPHERE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
INTRODUCTION
Photosynthesis, process by which green
plants and certain other organisms use the
energy of light to convert carbon dioxide
and water into the simple sugar glucose. In
so doing, photosynthesis provides the
basic energy source for virtually all
organisms. An extremely important
byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen, on
which most organisms depend..
Photosynthesis occurs in green
plants, seaweeds, algae, and
certain bacteria. These
organisms are veritable sugar
factories, producing millions of
new glucose molecules per
second. Plants use much of
this glucose, a carbohydrate,
as an energy source to build
leaves, flowers, fruits, and
seeds. They also convert
glucose to cellulose, the
structural material used in their
cell walls.
ELEMENTS:

Carbon dioxide
Water
Sun energy
Green plants
WORKING
Photosynthesis is a very complex process, and for
the sake of convenience and ease of
understanding, plant biologists divide it into two
stages. In the first stage, the light-dependent
reaction, the chloroplast traps light energy and
converts it into chemical energy contained in
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
(NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), two
molecules used in the second stage of
photosynthesis. In the second stage, called the
light-independent reaction (formerly called the dark
reaction), NADPH provides the hydrogen atoms
that help form glucose, and ATP provides the
energy for this and other reactions used to
synthesize glucose. These two stages reflect the
literal meaning of the term photosynthesis, to build
with light.
TWO STAGES ARE :

The Light-Dependent Reaction.

The light independent reaction.
The Light-Dependent Reaction
Photosynthesis relies on flows of energy
and electrons initiated by light energy.
Electrons are minute particles that travel in
a specific orbit around the nuclei of atoms
and carry a small electrical charge. Light
energy causes the electrons in chlorophyll
and other light-trapping pigments to boost
up and out of their orbit; the electrons
instantly fall back into place, releasing
resonance energy, or vibrating energy, as
they go, all in millionths of a second.
The light independent reaction.

The chemical energy required for the light-

independent reaction is supplied by the ATP and
NADPH molecules produced in the light-
dependent reaction. The light-independent
reaction is cyclic, that is, it begins with a molecule
that must be regenerated at the end of the
reaction in order for the process to continue.
Termed the Calvin cycle after the American
chemist Melvin Calvin who discovered it, the light-
independent reactions use the electrons and
hydrogen ions associated with NADPH and the
phosphorus associated with ATP to produce
glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the
fluid in the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids,
and each step is controlled by a different enzyme.
EFFECT ON ATMOSPHERE
Atmospheric CO2 acts as a shield over the earth.
It is penetrated by short-wave radiation from outer
space but blocks the escape of long-wave
radiation. As increased quantities of CO2 are
added to the atmosphere, the shield thickens and
more heat is retained, increasing global
temperatures. Although such increases have not
yet been great enough to cancel out natural
climatic variability, projected increases in CO2
from the burning of fossil fuels suggest that global
temperatures could rise some 2° to 6° C (about 4°
to 11° F) by early in the 21st century. This
increase would be significant enough to alter
global climates and thereby affect human welfare.
See also Air Pollution; Greenhouse Effect.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

WE ARE THANKFUL TO DE --
PROGRAM AND OUR STUDENT
TRAINER.