COMPUTER NETWORKS

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Transmission learning objectives Advantages of networking Classification of networks Topologies 4/21/12

COMPUTER NETWORKS

A Computer Network is composed of multiple computers connected together for the purpose of communicating with each other and sharing of data and resources . are various types of networks .A home computer network may consists of two or more computers that share files and a printer while the Internet is a network which spans the entire globe and has millions of users.

There

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Stand Alone Vs Networked Environment

A personal computer which is not connected to any other computer is known as a Stand Alone Machine .when personal computers have been networked it is known as a Networked Environment.

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Definition
We can define a computer network as" A network of computers that are interconnected for the purpose of data communication and sharing of resources.

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Advantages of Networking
1.

COMMUNICATION: People use networks to communicate with each other by exchanging messages and information . Computers connected to each other allow information . SHARING OF HARDWARE RESOURCES: Networking of computers enables users to share hardware resources like scanners and printers .this reduces expenditure as many people can share these expensive devices .

2.

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3. DATA SHARING: Users on a network can have access to a common database .A database is a system where data is stored in an organized form .This centralized database avoids duplication of data and the network administrator who is controlling the network can make sure the data is secure.

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4.SHARING OF SOFTWARE :Software on a network can be shared by many people. People can run programs which are not installed on their own computers . Networks allow the sharing of expensive software.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS
Computer networks can be classified into different categories based on the following :
1. 2. 3.

The area they are covering . The architecture of the network. The topology ,i.e. the shape or pattern of arrangement of nodes in a network . The medium used to transfer data .

4.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS BASED ON THE AREA COVERED .

Local

Area Network (LAN):A LAN is a network covering a small geographic area , like a home , office ,or building .Current LANS are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology. Coaxial cables are usually used to connect the computers in LAN .

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 Metropolitan

Area Network (MAN):A man is a network that connects two or more Local Area Networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town ,city, or metropolitan area. The network of Atms in our city or the networked offices of an organization in a city are the examples of MAN.

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 Wide

Area Network(WAN):A WAN is a network that covers large geographical areas across countries or even continents and uses transmission facilities provided by teltphone companies and Internet service providers .Banks with e-banking , the networked offices of multinational companies, and the Internet are the examples of WAN.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK BASED ON ARCHITECHTURE

The architecture of a network can be defined as the structure and organization of the computers hardware and software

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 Client/

server networks : In client/ server networks there is centralized powerful computer known as a server which does all the processing. All the nodes in the network which are known as clients are connected to the server. The server machine controls the network. These networks are expensive to set up.

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 Peer

to peer (P2P) network: in peer to peer network there is no server machine. Instead, there is a direct connection between the nodes. This architecture is better for smaller networks and are inexpensive to setup and maintain.

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CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS BASED ON NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Topology refers to the arrangement of computers in a network.

Computers maybe classified according to the arrangement of the nodes in a network. There are various topologies such as star, ring, bus, mesh, or tree.

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STAR TOPOLOGY
In

start networks all the computers are connected by cables to a central device called as server. The server controls all the functions of the network. Any information which has to be transferred from one computer to another on the network has to go through the server machine . This kind of topology is easy to install but if the server fails, the network is disabled .The server uses a device called a hub to connect all the computers in the network.

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RING TOPOLOGY
In

ring topology all the computers and other devices are connected to each other in a closed circle. There is no central sever machine. Instead, each machine is connected to two other machines. This kind of network is also easy to install but a failure in any cable or node can disrupt the entire network .

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BUS TOPOLOGY
In

bus topology a single cable knows as the backbone or the bus carries all the data . All the computers ,printers and other peripherals which are being shared are connected to the bus . This kind of topology is normally used for small networks . The amount of cabling required is less but the entire network is dependent on the Bus backbone.

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MESH TOPOLOGY
In

mesh topology , every node on the network is connected to all the other nodes on the network which makes it a very stable network .However , the amount of cabling needed is very large.

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TREE TOPOLOGY
A

tree topology network combines the characteristics of bus and star networks . Groups of star topology networks are formed which are then connected to a bus backbone cable. This kind of network allows for easy expansion of an existing network but it is more difficult to configure and wire.

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CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission

media refers to the way data is transferred from one node to another on a network . The computers in a network can be linked by cables .The three types of cables used to network computers are twisted pair cables , coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. For longer distances where cabling is not practically possible radio waves , microwaves or satellites are used to transmit data.

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BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF NETWORKS

All

networks are made up of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect network nodes.

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NETWORK INTERFRANCE CARDS(NIC)

To

join a network , a computer must have a network interference card . The network interference card joins the computer to the network allowing it to communicate with the other computers on the network.Bridges,Hub , Switches, and Routers are network devices which perform various functions like joining the smaller LANs to create the large WANs or guiding the transmitted data to the correct node on the network .
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NETWORKING OPERATING SYSTEMS

To

operate a network we need to install a special network operating system .Some popular network operating systems are Novell Netware , windows Nt,UNIX , etc..

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 BY

ROLL NOS. 1-10

THANK YOU

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