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Lsn 4
Agenda
Globalist Marxist Identity
Globalist Paradigm
Pioneered in 1971 by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in Transnational Relations and World Politics Argue that dealings between national governments are but one strand in the great web of human interactions
Therefore are critical of the exclusivity of the realist approach, while not rejecting it entirely
Globalist Paradigm
See a complex set of actors including not just national governments but many nonstate actors concerned with not just war and peace but a host of more narrow issues as well
Multinational corporations Non-governmental organizations Transnational labor union leaders etc
Marxist Paradigm
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) met in Paris in 1844 and developed a belief that the social problems of the 19th Century were the inevitable results of capitalism
Marx
Engels
Marxist Paradigm
Held that capitalism divided people into two main classes
Capitalists who owned industrial machinery and factories (the means of production) The proletariat who were wage earners with only their labor to sell
The state and its coercive institutions (police, courts, etc) were agencies of the capitalist ruling class and kept the capitalists in power and enabled them to continue their exploitation of the proletariat
Marxist Paradigm
In 1848, Marx and Engels wrote Manifesto of the Communist Party and aligned themselves with the communists who wanted to abolish private property and institute a radically egalitarian society
Marxist Paradigm
All human history has been the history of struggle between social classes The future lay with the working classes because the laws of history dictated that capitalism would inexorably grind to a halt
Crises of overproduction, underconsumption, and diminishing profits would undermine capitalisms foundation
Marxist Paradigm
At the same time, members of the constantly growing and thoroughly exploited proletariat would come to view the forcible overthrow of the existing system as their only alternative The socialist revolution would result in a dictatorship of the proletariat, which would abolish private property and destroy the capitalist order After the revolution, the state would wither away
Coercive institutions would disappear since there would no longer be any exploitation of the working class
Socialism would lead to a fair, just, and egalitarian society infinitely more humane than capitalism
Marxist Paradigm
With this development there would be no further need for national governments and nation-states A harmonious global communist society would result, with each person receiving wealth according to need rather than privilege
Marxist Paradigm
As capitalism proved to have more staying power than Marx anticipated, latter day Marxists explained the phenomenon by saying capitalist states relieve their inner class tensions by exploiting other, less developed countries They recognize the same transnational actors such as multinational corporations as the globalists do, but assign a much more sinister aspect to these actors
Marxist Paradigm
Marxists see business leaders of developed capitalist states as being in league with their partners in less developed states The average laborer in a capitalist state has lost his class consciousness and has been co-opted into the ranks of the bourgeoisie by purchasing the products of exploited workers in less developed states
Marxist Paradigm
Marxists view international relations more as a struggle between rich and poor classes than a contest between national governments and nation states The answer lies in leadership to emerge to replace the free market capitalist economies with more mass-oriented, centrally planned and managed economies which will supposedly result in more harmonious social relations both domestically and internationally
Clearing tropical forests ate away at Leopolds profit margins so Congolese farming villages such as this one were leveled to make way for rubber tree plantations
Identity Paradigm
International relations are governed by the ideas that define the identities of the systemic, domestic, and individual level actors and motivate the use of power and negotiations by these actors
Identity Paradigm
If actors identify themselves in adversarial or diverging terms, negotiations are more difficult to achieve and power balancing is more likely to occur Conversely, if actors have similar or converging identities, cooperation is more likely
Hubert Verdine (left), French foreign minister from 1997-2002, insisted that France could not accept a politically unipolar world, a culturally uniform world, or a world dominated by the one superpower.
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