TRIANGLE AND THEIR

PROPERTIES

GOVT.GIRLS.SEN.SEC.SCHOO
L:-SADIQ
DISTT:-FARIDKOT
TRIANGLE
A TRIANGLE IS A PLANE AND CLOSED FIGURE, BOUNDED BY
THREE STRAIGHT LINE SEGMENTS.

THE FIGURE ALONGSIDE SHOWS A TRIANGLE ABC.

SYMBOLICALLY TRIANGLE ABC IS WRITTEN AS Δ ABC, WHERE
THE SYMBOL Δ IS READ AS ‘TRIANGLE’.

THE THREE STRAIGHT LINE SEGMENTS FORMING A TRIANGLE

ARE CALLED SIDES OF THE TRIANGLE .
THUS,AB ,BC AND CA ARE THE THREE SIDES OF Δ ABC.
(2) THE POINT AT WHICH TWO SIDES OF A TRIANGLE MEET IS
CALLED VERTEX OF THE TRIANGLE .
THUS , Δ ABC HAS THREE VERTICES A,B AND C.
 TYPES OF TRIANGLES
(b) According to their sides :
(1) Equilateral Triangle

60

60 60

All the sides are equal.

Each angle is 60.
 TYPES OF TRIANGLE
(B) ACCORDING TO THEIR SIDES:
(2) ISOSCELES TRIANGLE

TWO SIDES ARE EQUAL.

ANGLES OPPOSITE TO EQUAL SIDES ARE
EQUAL.
 TYPES OF TRIANGLES

(A) ACCORDING TO THEIR SIDES

(3) SCALENE TRIANGLE

NO SIDES EQUAL .
NO ANGLES EQUAL.
 (B) ACCORDING TO THEIR ANGLES :
(1) RIGHT- ANGLED

ONE ANGLE MUST BE 90.

(B) ACCORDING TO THEIR ANGLES
(2) OBTUSE- ANGLED

ONE ANGLE MUST BE OBTUSE i.e. GREATER THAN 90 AND LESS

THAN 180.
(b). ACCORDING TO THEIR ANGLES :
(3) ACUTE- ANGLED

55

50 75

EACH ANGLE IS ACUTE i.e. LESS THAN 90.

• Axioms:- The self evident truth which are accepted without
any proof are called axioms.e.g.
(i) If x is greater than y,then y is less than x.
(ii) If a and b both are equal to c,then a=b.
• Theorem:- A proposition that requires proof is called a theorem.
• Proof:- The course of reasoning which astablishes the truth or
falsity of a
statement is called a proof.
4. Corollary:- A proposition, whose truth can easily be deducted
froma precedingt theorem is called its crollary.
PROVING A THEOREM

Giving the general enunciation,set out the work in

the following order:
4. Draw rhe figure.
5. Using the letters of your figure,state what is
given.
6. State what is required to proved.
7. State the construction, if necessary.
8. State the proof giving the statement and
reasons
9. Separately,using suitable abbreviated
references.
Theorem 1
The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two
right angles.(i.e. 180°)
Given: A triangle ABC.
To Prove: ∟BAC+ ∟ABC+∟BCA= 180°
i.e. ∟A+ ∟B+ ∟C=180°
Construction: Produce the side BC upto point D and draw

CE Aparallel to BA. L

D
B
C
Proof: Statement:
1. Since, AB // EC and AC is transversal,
ABC= ECD
2. Again, AB// EC and AC is transversal,
BAC= ACE
3. ABC+ BAC= ECD+ ACE
4. ABC+ BAC + BCA= ECD+ ACE+ BCA
5. But, ECD+ ACE+ BCA=Straight line angle

BCD = 180°
6. ABC+ BAC+ BCA=180 °
…
Reason: …
Corresponding angles. .

Alternate angles.
Adding results of 1 and 2.
Adding BCA on both the sides.
Measure of straight line angle is 180°
INEQUALITIES
Statement 1 :
If two side of a triangle are unequal, the greater angle
opposite to it.
e.g. if in triangle ABC, side AC is greater than side AB
then, the angle opposite to side AC is greater than the
angle opposite to side AB.
B is greater than C i.e. B> C.

B C
Statement 2 :
(Converse of statement 1): If two angles of a triangle are
unequal, the greater angle has greater side opposite to it .
e.g. if in ΔABC; angle A is greater than angle C then ,side opposite to
∟A is greater than the side opposite to ∟ C.
BC is greater than AB i.e. BC > AB.

B
C
Statement 3 :
The sum of the lengths of any two of a triangle is always than
the third side.
i.e. in Δ ABC:
(1) AB+ BC>AC (2)BC+AC>AB and (3)AB+AC>BC.
Statement 4 :
if in triangle ABC, AC is greater than AB then their difference AC-
AB<BC
Similarly, BC- AB< AC (if BC > AB) and so on.

The difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is

always less than the third side.
A
e.g.

B C
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
1.Interior angles of a triangle:
In triangle ABC;∟BAC( i.e.∟A),∟ABC(i.e.∟B) and ∟BCA (i.e.∟C)
are called its interior angles as they lie inside the triangle.

B C
2. Exterior angles of a triangle:
In Δ ABC; if side BC is produced upto any point D, than the angle ACD is
called the exterior angle of the triangle .
Since, the interior angles A and B of Δ ABC are opposite to the exterior
angle ACD, they are called interior opposite angles of the angle ACD.

B C D
Theorem 2
If one side of a triangle is produced , the exterior angle so formed is equal to the
Sum of the two interior opposite angles .
Given : a triangle ABC whose side BC is produced upto point D.
To prove: exterior ∟ ACD=∟A+∟B
Construction: Draw CE parallel to BA.
PROOF : STATEMENT REASON
1. Since, CE//BA and BCD is transversal, Corresponding angles
∟ECD=∟B
2. Since, CE//BA AND AC is transversal, Alternate angles
∟ACE=∟A A
E

B
C D
 IMPORTANT

Median - The median of a triangle, corresponding to any side of

it, is line segment joining the mid- point of that side
whit the opposite vertex. A
(2) (3)
(1) A
A E F

B C
B C
B D C

[AD is median [BE is median [CF is median

corresponding Corresponding corresponding

to side BC] to side AC] to side AB]

Remember : The three medians of a triangle always intersect each other at the same
point . This point of intersection of the medians is called centroid of the triangle.
In the given figure, G is the centroid of Δ ABC.
Altitude An altitude of a triangle, corresponding to any side , is
the length of perpendicular drawn from the opposite
vertex to that side .
(1)

A (3)
(2) A
A

E F

B C B C
B D C [CF is altitude
[ BE is altitude
[AD is altitude corresponding
corresponding corresponding
to side AB]
to side BC] to side AC]

Remember : The three altitude of a triangle always intersect each other at the
same point . This point of intersection of the altitude is called orthocenter.
In the given figure , O is the orthocenter of Δ ABC.
 Angle – bisector – The line bisecting an interior angle of a
triangle is called
the angle -bisector A
(2) A (3)
(1) A

E F

B D C B C B C

[AD is bisector [BE is bisector [CF is bisector

Of BAC] Of ABC] Of ACB]∟

Remember: The three angle bisectors of a triangle always intersect each

other at the same point . This point of intersection of the angle bisectors is called
incenre .
In the given figure , I is the incentre of Δ ABC .
Perpendicular-
P bisector The line bisecting a side of a triangle and perpendicular to
this side is called perpendicular bisector of the side of
the triangle.

A
(1) A (2) (3)
P A S

M
N

B C

B C B C
Q R

[PQ is perpendicular bisector [MN is perpendicular [RS is perpendicular

of side BC] bisector of side AB] bisector of side AC]
Remember: The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle always
intersect each other at the same point. This point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors is called clrcumcentre of the triangle.
In the given figure, O is the clrcumcentre of the triangle.
THEOREM
If two angles of a triangle are equal, the sides opposite to
them are
also equal.
Given: A triangle ABC in which B = C.
To prove: AB = AC.
Construction: Draw AD, the bisector of angle BAC, which meets BC at point
D. A
Proof:
In ΔStatement
ABC and Δ ACD [Given] Reason
1. B= C 1 2
[AD bisects angle BAC.] B D C
3. BAD= CAD [If two angles of a Δ are equal to the two angles of
4. 1= 2 another Δ, their third angles are also equal.]

5. AD= AD [Common]

Δ ABD = Δ ACD [A.S.A.]

AB= AC [C.P.C.T.C.]
Hence Proved.
Construction of Equilateral triangles.
When altitude is given:
Let the altitude of the required triangle be 3.6 cm.
Steps:
1. Draw a line PQ of any suitable length.
2. In PQ, mark a point O.
3. At O, draw a line OR perpendicular to PQ and from OR cut OA = 3.6 cm.
4. At A, draw AB so that ∟ OAB = 30 and AC so that ∟ OAC = 30 . B and
C being the points on PQ.
Thus, ABC is the required triangle
R
.
A

P B O C Q
Alternative Method :
Steps :
1. Draw a line PQ of any suitable length.
2. Taking any two points in PQ as centres, draw two arcs each of

radius 3.6 cm on the same side of PQ.

3. Draw a line RS touching the two arcs drawn. This gives line
RS parallel to PQ.
4. Mark a point A in RS.
5. At A, draw a line AB so that RAB = 60 and a line AC so
that SAC = 60. B and C being the points on PQ.
Thus , ABC is the required triangle.

R A S

P B C Q
Construction of Isosceles triangle.
1. When base and one base angle are given:
Let the base be 5.2 cm and one base angle be 45 .

Steps :
1. Draw AB = 5.2 cm
2. At A and B both, construct angles = 45 each.
Let the two lines making 45 angles meet at C.
Thus , ABC is the required triangle.

A B
5.2 cm.
Construction of right- angled triangles.
• When length of one side and hypotenuse are given :
Let one side be 3.5 cm and hypotenuse be 5.5 cm.
Steps:
1. Draw AB= 3.5 cm
2. At A, draw AP so that AP ┴ AB i.e. ∟ PAB = 90.
3. With B as centre and radius = 5.5 cm, draw an arc
which cuts
AP at point C. Join C and B .
P
Thus , ABC is the required triangle.
C

5.5cm

A 3.5 cm B
MEANING OF CORRESPONDING SIDES AND CORRESPONDING
ANGLES
1. In congruent triangles , the sides opposite to equal angles are the
corresponding sides and so are equal.
The figure given alongside, shows two congruent triangle ABC and DEF.
In the figure equal angles are marked.
Since , from the figure:<A=<F
the sides opposite to these two angles are the corresponding sides
sides BC and DE are the corresponding sides and so BC = DE.
S9imilarly , from the figure :<C =<D
the sides opposite to <C and <D are corresponding sides
sides AB and EF are corresponding sides and so AB = EF.
And, <B = <E - AC and DF are corresponding sides

A -AC =DF. D

B C E F
(2) In congruent triangles , the angles opposite to equal sides are the
corresponding angles and so are equal .
Since , side AC= side EF
angles opposite to side AC and EF are corresponding angle
<B and <D are corresponding angles and so <B = <D
Similarly,
side BC =side DE - <A and <F are corresponding angles
- <A = <F
And, side AB = side DF - <C and <E are corresponding angles
- <C =<F
A D

B C
E F
 CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES

1. Two triangles are congruent, if three sides of one triangle are equal ti
three sides of the other triangle, each to each.
The adjoining figure shows two triangles ABC and DEF , in which :
AB = EF , BC = DF and AC = DF.
∆ABC =∆DEF

D
A

B E F
C
 CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES

1. Two triangles are congruent , if two sides and the included angle of one
triangle are equal to two sides and included angle of other triangle.
the adjoining figure shows two triangle ABC and DEF, in which :
BC = DF, AC = DF
and <C = <D
∆ABC~ ∆ DEF

B E F
C
 CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES

1. Two right – angled triangles are congruent , if the hypotenuse and one side of one
triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other triangle.
the adjoining figure shows two right – angled triangle ABC and DEF in which <B = <E
= 90 ; hypotenuse AC = hypotenuse DF
and side AB ==side EF.
∆ ABC ~ ∆ DEF

D
A

E
B C F
 8. Construction of Scalene Triangles.
2. When lengths of its three sides are given :
Let the length sides be 4.5 cm , 4 cm and 5.2 cm .
Steps :
1. Draw AB = 4.5 cm.
2. With A as centre and radius = 4 cm , draw an arc.
3. With B as centre and radius = 5.2 cm , draw one more arc which cuts

the former ac at point C.

4. Join AC and BC.
Thus , ABC is the required triangle.

4 cm 5.2 cm

A 4.5 cm B
2. When length if two sides and the included angle are given :

Let the two sides be 5 cm and 4.2 cm , and the included angle be 75.

Steps :

1. Draw AB = 5 cm.
2. At A, draw line AP, so that angle <PAB = 75 .
3. From AP , cut AC = 4.2 cm and then join B and C.
thus, ABC is the required triangle .
P

A 5cm B
3. When two angles and the included side are given :

Let the two angles be 60 and 45 , and the included side be 5.4 cm

Steps :

1. Draw AB = 5.4 cm.

2. At A , draw AP so that <PAB =60 .
3. At B, draw BQ so that <QBA = 45 .
4. Let AP and BQ intersect at point C.
Thus, ABC is the required triangle.
C
Q P

60 45
A 5.4 cm B
• When the base, one base angle and the sum of lengths of other
two sides are given :
Let the base be 4.8 cm, one base angle be 60 and the sum of
other to sides be 9.2 cm .
Steps:
1. Draw AB = 4.8 cm .
2. At A , draw AP = 9.2 cm such that ∟ PAB = 60.
3. Join P and B .
4. Draw perpendicular of BP which meets AP a point C. Join C
and B.
Thus, ABC is the required triangle .

C
60
A 4.8 cm B
1. When the base , one base angle and the sum of lengths of other two
sides are given:
Let the base be 4.8cm, one base angle be 30 and the
difference between the lengths of other two sides be 1.2 cm.
Steps :
1. Draw AB = 4.5 cm.
2. At A , draw AP such that ∟PAB = 30.
3. From AP ,cut AQ = 1.2 cm.
4. Join B and Q, and draw the perpendicular bisector of BQ which
P
meets AP at point C. C
5. Join C and B. Q

Thus , ABC is the required triangle. 30

A 4.5 CM B
6. When perimeter ( the sum of lengths of all the three side)and both
the base angles are given :
Let the perimeter be 9.6 cm and both the base angles be 60 and 90 .
Steps: 1. Draw AB = 9.6 cm .
2. At A , DRAW AP so that ∟ PAB = 60.
3. AT B ,draw BQ so that ∟ABQ = 90.
4. Draw the bisectors of angles PAB and ABQ . Let these
bisectors meet at point C. Join AC and BC.
5. Draw perpendicular bisector of AC which meets AB at
point D. Also , draw perpendicular bisector of BC which
meets AB at point E.
6. Join DC and EC.
Thus , CDE is the required triangle.
 Q
P

A D E B
 PROJECT PREPARED BY:-

NAME CLASS
Neeru Bala 9TH Slides,Animation
Anu Bala 9TH Slides ,Sound
Jagmeet Kaur 9TH Paint
Amandeep Kaur 9TH Animation
Navdeep Kaur 9TH Transtion

PROJECT GUIDANCE BY:-

SUKHPAL SINGH SANDHU
Govt.Sen.Sec.School Sadiq, Faridkot