Bend Test

Compiled by Ir Mahadi Abd Murad Material Unit Fabrication and Joining Section UniKL

1. Instructional Objective
2. Theory of bend test 3. Test Methodology and Data Analysis

4. Q & A

This lesson provides a brief overview to students of some of important aspects of bending test. Hence, upon the completion of this lesson, students should be able to; i. Ability to perform bend test according to test methods, using the right apparatus, prepare specimens and comply the procedures.

ii. Interpret the result of bending test

iii. Describe Test methodology, data analysis and reporting of results

The Objective of Bend Test are conducted to determine the ductility or strength of a material.
In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicular to the axis of the element. A structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. A closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending. Bend tests for ductility differ fundamentally from other mechanical tests in that most mechanical tests are designed to give a quantitative result and have an objective endpoint In contrast, bending ductility tests give a pass/fail result with a subjective endpoint; the test operator judges whether a surface has undergone cracking.

1940s flexural test machinery working on a sample of concrete

 There are three notable internal forces caused by lateral loads: shear parallel to the lateral loading, compression along the top of the beam, and tension along the bottom of the beam. These last two forces form a couple or moment as they are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This bending moment produces the sagging deformation characteristic of compression members experiencing bending. The compressive and tensile forces induce stresses on the beam. The maximum compressive stress is found at the uppermost edge of the beam while the maximum tensile stress is located at the lower edge of the beam. The locus of these points is the neutral axis. Because of this area with no stress and the adjacent areas with low stress, using uniform cross section beams in bending is not a particularly efficient means of supporting a load as it does not use the full capacity of the beam until it is on the brink of collapse.

The Three Point Bending Flexural Test

It provides values for the modulus of elasticity in bending EB, flexural stress f, flexural strain f and the flexural stress-strain response of the material.

The main advantage of a three point flexural test is the ease of the specimen preparation and testing.
However, this method has also some disadvantages: the results of the testing method are sensitive to specimen and loading geometry and strain rate.

 Test procedures and specimen preparation methods have evolved without close attention to detail. Therefore, despite the value of the test and its long history of use, there has been minimal standardization. There are, however, two ASTM standardsASTM E 190, Standard Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Welds (Ref), and ASTM E 290, Standard Test Method for Semi-Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Metallic Materials (Ref)which provide guidelines for testing strip, sheet, plate, and weldments. Tests for determining the bending strength of metals have not been used widely, although the information from such tests is clearly useful.

 The bending ductility test developed as a shop-floor material inspection test because of its pass/fail qualities and the simplicity and low cost of the required tooling. As a consequence, the development of bending ductility test methods and apparatuses has been carried out by users rather than by mechanical-test equipment manufacturers.

Testing Method Calculation of the flexural stress f Calculation of the flexural strain f Calculation of Young's modulus EB in these formulas the following parameters are used: f = Stress in outer fibers at midpoint, (MPa) f = Strain in the outer surface, (%) Eb = Modulus of elasticity in bending,(MPa) P = load at a given point on the load deflection curve, (N) L = Support span, (mm) b = Width of test beam, (mm) d = Depth of tested beam, (mm) D = maximum deflection of the center of the beam, (mm) m = Slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of the load deflection curve, (N/mm)

Bend test A test piece is to be taken from the end of the pipe and to be of sufficient length for the test. The test piece is to be bent around a former of a diameter equal to 6 times its outside diameter to an angle of 90 (see Fig. 2.5.(4)).

The test is considered satisfactory if upon visual examination no cracks or flaws are observed.
Reference is made to : ISO 8491-1986 : Metallic Materials - Tube (in full section) - Bend test.

Root- and Face-Bend Test

5.6.4.1 Preparation

(As in accordance API STANDARD 1104 NINETEENTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 1999)

The root- and face-bend test specimens (see Figure 6) shall be approximately 9 in. (230 mm) long and approximately 1 in. (25 mm) wide, and their long edges shall be rounded. They may be machine cut or oxygen cut. The cover and root bead reinforcements shall be removed flush with the surfaces of the specimen. These surfaces shall be smooth, and any scratches that exist shall be light and transverse to the weld.

Side-Bend Test 5.6.5.1 Preparation The side-bend test specimens (see Figure 7) shall be approximately 9-in. (230-mm) long and approximately 1/2-in. (13-mm) wide, and their long edges shall be rounded. They shall be machine cut, or they may be oxygen cut to approximately a 3/4-in. (19-mm) width and then machined or ground to the 1/2-in. (13mm) width. The sides shall be smooth and parallel. The cover and root-bead reinforcements shall be removed flush with the surfaces of the specimen.

Method for Root and Face Bend The root- and face-bend specimens shall be bent in a guided-bend test jig similar to that shown in Figure 9. Each specimen shall be placed on the die with the weld at mid span.

Face-bend specimens shall be placed with the face of the weld toward the gap, and root-bend specimens shall be placed with the root of the weld toward the gap.
The plunger shall be forced into the gap until the curvature of the specimen is approximately U-shaped.

Method for Side Bend The side-bend specimens shall be bent in a guided-bend test jig similar to that shown in Figure 9. Each specimen shall be placed on the die with the weld at mid span and with the face of the weld perpendicular to the gap.

The plunger shall be forced into the gap until the curvature of the specimen is approximately U-shaped.

Bend Testing

Bend test samples are referred to as Test Coupons The most common bend tests are Guided face and root bend testing Guided side bend testing Longitudinal root and side bend testing Fillet weld bend testing Unguided bend testing

Bend Testing Sample Removal

Bend Testing Sample Preparation

Face Bend Testing

Root Bend Testing

Side Bend Testing

Longitudinal Face Bend Testing

Longitudinal Root Bend Testing

Fillet Bend Testing

Pipe Fillet Bend Testing

Requirements The bend test shall be considered acceptable if no crack or other imperfection exceeding 1/8 in. (3 mm) or one-half the nominal wall thickness, whichever is smaller, in any direction is present in the weld or between the weld and the fusion zone after bending. Cracks that originate on the outer radius of the bend along the edges of the specimen during testing and that are less than 1/4 in. (6 mm), measured in any direction, shall not be considered unless obvious imperfections are observed. Each specimen subjected to the bend test shall meet these requirements

Each side-bend specimen shall meet the root- and face bend test requirements specified in 5.6.4.3.

Assignment-Bend test

Prepared 2 metal plate with size 3 x 5 with any thickness. Joint both plate with welding process Cut for bend test and grind according ASME IX. Perform bend test and write a report with minimum 10 pages. Date line for submission: 15/3/2011

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending ASM Handbook Volume 8, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation API STANDARD 1104 NINETEENTH EDITION, SEPTEMBER 1999