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Aggregates
Heddy R Agah 2010
(2) Classification
(4) Gradation
Definition
Materials (for construction) Inert material which, when bound together into a conglomerated mass by a matrix, form: -concrete, -mastic mortar, -plaster.
An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other material composition used in combination with a binding medium to form: bituminous and Portland cement, -concrete, -macadam, -mastic, mortar cement, -plaster, or alone as: -railroad ballast, -filter beds, and -various manufacturing processes such as fluxing
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Manufactured Aggregate
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Natural Aggregates
Taken from natural deposits without change in their nature during production, with the exception of crushing, sizing, grading or washing
Includes:
pumice, shells, iron ore, lime rock
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Manufactured Aggregates
Aggregates produced as a direct product, rather than as a by-product of a manufacturing process
Includes:
Blast furnace slag Clay Shale; Light weight aggregates
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COARSE
Aggregate predominantly retained on the no 4 sieve (for Portland Cement Concrete)
The no 8 or no 10 sieve (for bituminous concrete)
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IGNEOUS ROCK
NATURAL AGGREGATES SEDIMENTARY ROCK METAMORPHIC ROCK
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WEATHERING PRODUCTS AND EROSION OF ROCKS (EARTH SURFACE) LESS MECHANICAL COMPACTIONS
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ROCKS
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY
TYPE
Basalt Granite Shale Limestone Sandstone
Specific Gravity
2.6 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.0 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.2 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7
POROSITY (% - vol)
50 200 100 250 10 100 35 250 20 175 100 200 100 250 100 - 300
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The procedures:
Excavation Transportation Washing Crushing Sizing
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procedures
Processing plant
Site
Excavator: digging Removal of organic material (silt; clay; leaves; mud) Method: blasting; dragging; pumping
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1. Sizing: by crusher
2. Proper and desirable size 3. Crusher type: size of designed aggregate
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sieve
D
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Sieve analysis
X gram Retained = coarser
h
X gram coarser
X gram finer
X gram finer
(X- z) gram
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Grain distribution
100 80
% by weight finer
60
40
20
End of session
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Aggregate gradation
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UNIFORM
G A P
CONTINUOUS
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Fuller curve
100 90 80
70 60 50
40
30 20
10 0 10 1 0.1
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PASSING
%
100 95 - 100 80 - 100
inch
3/8 No. 4 No. 8
1.18
600 mm 300 mm
No. 16
No. 30 No. 50
50 - 85
25 - 60 10 - 30
150 mm
No. 100
2 - 10
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Graphical distribution
Increasing cumulative percentage passing
CONTINUOUS
UNIFORM
GAP
no
4
% retained
0
2.36
1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 pan
8
16 30 50 100
241.9
388.9 505.5 543.4 340.8 11.3
11.9
19.1 24.9 26.7 16.8 0.6
11.9
31.0 55.9 82.6 99.4 100.0
90.6
74.0 51.7 25.1 8.4 0
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80
60
40
20
0 no 4 no 8 no 16 no 30 no 50 no 100 pan
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TYPICAL GRADATION
Sieve designation
2 in 1 in in No. 4
B
100 95 85 50
C
100 90 100 65 80 30 45
No. 10
No. 200
15
3
36
7
20 35
0-5
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TYPICAL GRADATION
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
2 in 1 in in No. 4
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a b c c1
No. 10
No. 200
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3/4
No. 4
No. 10
No. 200
0 20 40 60
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Oven Dry
Air Dry
Wet
Absorption Capacity
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Absorption Capacity
X 100
Effective Absorption
X 100
Moisture Content
X 100
Surface Moisture
WWET - WSSD
WSSD
X 100
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Ratio between mass (weight in air) to the mass of an equal volume of water (for a specific temperature)
WOD WSSD - WSW
WSSD
WSSD - WSW WOD
WOD - WSW
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Flexible Pavement
Sub Grade
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GRADATION
PARTICLE STRENGTH PARTICLE SHAPE SURFACE TEXTURE
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Gradation
Fine
Medium
Coarse
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GRADATION
Gradation affects: stability, drainage, and frost susceptibility;
The type of gradation: dense graded (maximum stability), open graded (maximum drainage or frost protection);
The hardness of the aggregate (ie.; aggregate degradation)
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Void filled with fines Grain contact increase Resistance to deform increase Density increase
Void overfilling by fines Contact reduced the strength of mixture Aggregate float in fines Density decrease Practically impervious
DENSITY
STABILITY
Low stability
COMPACTION
No problem
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Particle Strength
To resist the load without breakdown, minimize degradation Requires: strength and toughness
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Particle Shape
Angular aggregate characteristics give aggregate interlock properties; increase the stability of open graded materials. Rounded aggregate:
Herrin and Goetz: crushing rounded gravels add significantly only to the stability of one size aggregate mixes, to open graded mixes a very little,
and to dense mixes not at all
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Particle shape
(angular aggr. gives aggr., interlock properties increasing stability of open graded materials)
Porosity
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100
95 100 80 100 50 80 10 30 08 4.0 6.0
100
95 100 80 100 50 95 5 30 08 4.0 6.0
100
90 100 50 100 35 70 5 30 08 4.5 6.5
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High strength
Low water cement ratio provided for a high strength mortar High strength of aggregate required to prevent failure under design load
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Selected types
Weak aggregate:
Sandstone, soft shale, limestone Not sufficient strong to serve moderate concrete;
Hard aggregate:
Crushed granite This type is necessary for very high strength of concrete
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Surface texture
Particle size
Angularity Characteristics Porosity
Chemical composition
Thermal properties
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Bonding
Rough surface Higher strength Better bonding condition
Surface Texture
Smooth surface
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Particle shape
Angular
Need more mortar to fill voids Separate aggregate for workability Required more water content Rounded
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Assignment
1. Jenis batuan yang paling cocok untuk perkerasan jalan adalah igneous rock. Mohon komentar dan penjelasan mengenai keterangan tersebut. Bagaimana bentuk (shape) dari partikel mempengaruhi penggunaannya untuk: -beton semen; -beton aspal? Apa yang dimaksud dengan gradasi batuan?
2.
3.
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Assignment
1. Analisis saringan dari 1.000 gram batuan halus (fine) menghasilkan data sebagai berikut pada tabel. Mohon saudara gambarkan grafik gradasinya dan hitung modulus kehalusan (fineness modulus) dan apa saran saudara terhadap gradasi tersebut
4 26
8 130
16 240
30 252
50 210
100 138
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1.
Pelajari dan gambarkan grafik gradasinya dari beberapa standar teknis (technical specification) mengacu kepada ASTM standar untuk gradasi batuan yang digunakan untuk: campuran beton aspal campuran beton semen
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