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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Generalities
• Muscles are created to CONTRACT
• All muscle cells are elongated… that is why
they are called FIBERS
Neuromuscular Junction
• This is the junction
between the
sarcolemma of a
muscle cell and the
axonal terminal of a
neuron
• Synaptic cleft
– The space between
the end of the axonal
terminal and the
sarcolemma
Head Muscles

Facial
Frontalis
• Covers frontal bone
• Raises your eyebrows
• Wrinkles your
forehead
Orbicularis oculi
• Encircles the eyes
• allows one to wink
and close his eyes
Buccinator
• Runs horizontally
across the cheek
• For whistling
Zygomaticus
• Smiling muscle
Head Muscles

Chewing
Masseter
• Closes the jaw by
elevating the
mandible
Temporalis
• Overlies the temporal
bone
• Acts as the synergist
of masseter in closing
the jaw
Neck and Trunk Muscles

Anterior
Sternocleidomastoid
• “prayer muscle”
• Contraction of both
sides flexes neck as if
bowing in prayer
• Contraction of one
side would turn the
head
Pectoralis Major
• Forms anterior wall of
axilla and upper part
of the chest
• Adducts and flexes
the arm
Abdominal Girdle Muscles
• Rectus abdominis
e
– Flexion of vertebral column
• External Oblique
– Rotates and bends the
trunk R
• Internal Oblique
– Rotates and bends the
trunks
• Transversus abdominis
– Compresses abdominal
contents
Neck and Trunk Muscles

Posterior
Trapezius
• Kite-like shape
• Extends the head
• Elevates, depress,
adduct and stabilize
the scapula
Latissimus Dorsi
• Covers the lower
back
• Extends and adducts
the humerus
• Used when arms are
brought down in
swimming or striking
a downward blow
Erector Spinae
• Prime mover of back
extension
• Composed of
longissimus,
iliocostalis and
spinalis
• Controls the act of
bending over at the
waist
Deltoid
• Forms the rounded
shape of the shoulder
• Prime movers of arm
abduction
Muscles of the Upper Limb
Biceps Brachii
• Bulges upon flexion of
the elbow
• Acts to flex and
supinate the forearm
Triceps Brachii
• Antagonist of the
biceps
• Prime mover of elbow
extension
• Used in delivering a
straight punch
Muscles of the Lower Limb
Gluteus Maximus
• Forms most of
buttock flesh
• Powerful hip extensor
when walking,
jumping and climbing
the stairs
Gluteus Medius
• Used mainly for giving
intramuscular
injections
• It is a hip abductor
and important in
steadying the pelvis
when walking
Iliopsoas
• Prime mover of hip
flexion
Sartorius
• Thin and strap like
• used when crossing
the legs
• runs obliquely across
the anterior aspect of
the thigh
Quadriceps Group
• Found at the anterior
thigh
• Acts to extend the
knee and flex the hip
• Parts:
– Rectus femoris
– Vastus medialis
– Vastus lateralis
Hamstring Group
• Found at the posterior
thigh
• For knee flexion
• Formed by the:
st
– Biceps femoris b
– Semi-membranosus sm

– Semi-tendinosus
Tibialis Anterior
• Found on the anterior
leg
• Acts on dorsiflexion
and inverts the foot
Peroneus Muscle
• Found at the lateral
area of the leg
• Group helps the
gastrocnemius in
plantar flexion
• Everts the foot
Gastrocnemius
• Curved over the
posterior leg forming
the “calves”
• Prime mover for
plantar flexion (lifts
the heels)
Fig. 7.1
Fig. 7.4
Fig. 7.6
Fig. 7.11
Fig. 7.12
Fig. 7.13a
Fig. 7.13b
Fig. 7.15
Fig. 7.16
Fig. 7.17
Fig. 7.18
Fig. 7.19
Fig. 7.21ab
Fig. 7.21c
Fig. 7.22
Fig. 7.23
Fig. 7.25ab
Fig. 7.25c
Fig. 7.27ab
Fig. 7.27c
Fig. 7.24
Fig. 7.26

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