Computer Programming

Lecture 3

Hung-Yu Wei
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan University

10/03/2006
 HW#1
 Deadline 10/17 12:00 (noon)
 Assignment:
 Pick any topic you like
 Use whatever you have learned
 Input/output
 Arithmetic
 If statement
 Submission:
 Email to: ntu.cpp.hw@gmail.com
 Subject: [HW#1] b95xxxxxx_Name
 Attach C++ source codes
 b95xxxxxx_name.cpp (only 1 file)
 1-2 pages of descriptions/results (Word or txt file)
 Write your 姓名學號 in description file and source codes
 Make sure your source codes can be complied in PC room 305
 10/18 Lab: you will show your program to TAs

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Review: compiling environment
 Visual C++ 6.0 (we used in the lab)
 New  Project
 Win32 console program
 (an empty project)
 Add cpp file to the project
 Visual C++ .Net 2003
 專案 Win32 主控台專案
 在”應用程式設定”中，勾選”空專案”
 Dev C++
 New project  Console applications
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Review Question I
X=3;
Y=7;
Z=X==Y
 What are the values of X, Y, Z?

 You also need to know what are the

memory operations when you do

these calculations.

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Review Question II
X=3;
Y=7;
Z1=Y/X
Z2=Y%X
 What are the values of X, Y, Z1,Z2?

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What will we learn today
 Chapter 4
 Control statement
 How do you control the “flow” of your
program?
 Selection
 Repetition
 If
 If … else
 while
 More about UML

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Introduction: solving problem and
writing program
 Before writing a program
 Have a thorough understanding of
problem
 Carefully plan your approach for solving it
 While writing a program
 Know what “building blocks” are available
 Use good programming principles

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Algorithms
 Computing problems
 Solved by executing a series of actions in a
specific order
 Algorithm is a procedure determining
 Actions to be executed
 Order to be executed
 Example: cooking/recipe
 Program control
 Specifies the order in which statements are
executed

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Pseudocode (fake code)
 Pseudocode
 Artificial, informal language used to
develop algorithms
 Similar to plain English
 Not executed on computers
 Used to think out program before coding
 Easy to convert into C++ program
 Only executable statements
 No need to declare variables (optional)
 Help you to analyze/design/program
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Goto statement
 It is BAD!
 Jumping between the lines is
unstructured
 Structured programming
 Avoid using goto statement
 Also known as “goto elimination”
 C is a structured language

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Control Structures
 Sequential execution
 Statements executed in order
 Transfer of control
 Next statement executed not next one in
sequence
 3 control structures (Bohm and Jacopini)
 Sequence structure
 Programs executed sequentially by default

 Selection structures
 if, if/else, switch

 Repetition structures
 while, do/while, for
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Flowchart
 Graphical representation of an
algorithm BEGIN

ACTION1

ACTION2

END 12
Types of statement
 Sequence statement
 Selection statement
 Single selection statement: If
 Double selection statement: If … else
 Multiple selection statement: switch
 Repetition statement
 Also known as loops or looping statement
 While
 Do … while
 For
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 If statement (revisited)
 Pseudocode
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
 C++
if (grade >= 60)
cout << “Passed”;

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UML
 Unified Modeling Language (UML)
 An industry standard for modeling
software systems
 Useful for object-oriented
programming

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Sequence-structure activity diagram
 Initial state
 Action state
 Final state

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If single-selection statement
activity diagram
 Decision symbol
 Guard condition

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 if...else double-selection
 Pseudocodes
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “passed”
else
Print “Failed”
 C++ codes
if (grade >= 60)
cout << “Passed”;
else
cout << “Failed”;

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if...else double-selection
statement activity diagram.

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?:
 Conditional Operator
 Example
 Cout << (grade >=60 ? “Passed” :
“Failed” );
 Grade >=60 ? cout << “Passed” : cout
<< “Failed”;
 Usage is similar to if … else

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?:
 Syntax
(condition) ? (if it’s true) : (if it’s false)

 Can be used within 1 line

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 Nested if … else statement
 Pseudocodes
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
Else
Print “F”
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C++
if (studentGrade >=90)
cout <<"A";
else
if (studentGrade >=80)
cout <<"B";
else
if (studentGrade >=70)
cout <<"C";
else
if (studentGrade >=60)
cout <<"D";
else
cout <<"F";

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 Continued
 C++
if (studentGrade >=90)
cout << “A”;
else if (studentGrade >=80)
cout << “B”;
else if (studentGrade >=70)
cout << “C”;
else if (studentGrade >=60)
cout << “D”;
else
cout << “F”;
 if
 else if
 else 24
Some tips
 A nested if...else statement can
perform much faster than a series of
single-selection if statements
 In a nested if... else statement, test
the conditions that are more likely to
be true at the beginning of the nested
if...else statement.

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Dangling-else problem
 An example
If (x>5)
if (y>5)
cout << “x,y are greater than 5”;
else
cout << “x is <= 5”;

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Continued
 The reality (it is confusing)
 Use {} to make your program clear

If (x>5)
if (y>5)
cout << “x,y are greater than 5”;
else
cout << “x is <= 5”;

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{}
 Use {} for clarity and multiple lines of
statement in if…else
If (x>5)
{
if (y>5)
cout << “x,y are greater than 5”;
}
else
cout << “x is <= 5”;
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Tips
 Always putting the braces in an
if...else statement (or any control
statement) helps prevent their
accidental omission, especially when
adding statements to an if or else
clause at a later time.
 You could put {} before writing any
statements within {}

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Review: if..else and {}
 One statement
If (condition)
one statement;
else
another statement;
 Multiple statements
if (condition)
{
multiple statements;
}
Else
{
more statements;

}
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While
 A repetition statement
 Pseudocodes
While there are more items on my shopping list
Buy the next item and update the list
 Syntax
while (condition)
statement to do;

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An example with while
N
 Example: compute a value which is 3
and is greater than 100

int product =3;

While (product <= 100)

product=3*product;

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while repetition statement UML
activity diagram
 UML uses the same icon for merge
symbol and decision symbol

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Be careful with while
 infinite loop
 Repetition statement never terminates
 This can make a program appear to
“hang” or “freeze” if the loop body
does not contain statements that
interact with the user.
 Use while loop carefully

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What have we learned so far?
 Basic C++ program
 Main program
 Include C++ standard library (e.g.
iostream)
 I/O (cin/cout)
 Arithmetic
 Control statement
 Create your program from pseudocodes to C++
 If, If…else, While

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Conclusion
 Read your textbook
 2.1~2.7
 4.1~4.7
 1.7~1.10, 1.13
 Install/use your C++ compiler
 HW #1
 10/17 12:00 (noon)
 We will come back to Chapter 3 next week
and continue from 4.8 after finishing
Chapter 3.

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