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Outline
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Introduction
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Wind Farms
Wind turbine spacing (both downwind and crosswind) Wind turbine operating characteristics The number of turbines and size of the wind farm Turbulence intensity Frequency distribution of the wind direction (the wind rose)
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The reactive power should be regulated within a control band, at a maximum level of 10% of rated power Wind turbine will generally operate in normal conditions (90 105% voltage and 4951 Hz) Under the condition of a power
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Rotor Diameter Cut-out wind Speed Cut-in wind Speed Number of Blades Trust Factor Hub Height Surface roughness (m)
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Power is the air density and equals to 1.225 kg/m3 at 16C, r is the radius of wind turbine and 24 m. U is wind speed which changes with Weibull Distribution.
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0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
10
15
20
25
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Cp Regression
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a4 b4 c4 a5 b5 c5
a3 b3 c3
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Jensen deficit model Where k is wake spreading constant and a is axial induction factor. The axial induction factor is related to the turbine trust coefficient as
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a=0.1535
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Assuming multiple turbines in the upstream of a turbine in concern and ignoring the nonlinear near-wake region, the wake deficits are combined by summing the squares of the interacting deficits
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From the reference k=1.94 and c=9.81 By the changing wind speed from 0 to 20 m2/s
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01
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10
12
14
16
18
20
Cost Calculations
The total annual investment cost of the wind farm relates only with the number of installed wind turbines and can be expressed as follows
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Mutation Function Crossover Migration Function Migration Fraction Migration Interval Change tolerance Stall Generation
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Layout No 4 5 6
Number of Turbines 25 24 23
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Ratio Ranking Layout No 7 8 9 Cost($) 7.984.336,0 7.186.010,0 6.387.694,0 Power (W) 3.756.400,0 3.380.730,0 3.005.100,0 Power/cost ratio 0,402305798 0,402299767 0,402291593 Number of Turbines 10 9 8
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10
The method just multiplying the power of one turbine with weibull distribution calculated and the total hours in one year.
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Capacity Factor
The ratio of the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time and its output if it had operated at full rated capacity the entire time.
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Capacity Factor
Cases Energy Capacity Production (kWh) Factor (KWh) 71.904.470 176.681.250 0,406973 69.142.135 169.614.000 66.449.600 162.546.750 32.774.590 70.672.500 29.496.869 63.605.250 26.219.497 56.538.000 0,407644 0,408803 0,463753 0,463749 0,46375
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Economic Analysis
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7 8 9 4 5 6
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4.651.472 93.029.440 62.297.353 2.294.221 45.884.426 31.799.847 2.064.781 41.295.617 28.619.437 1.835.365 36.707.297 25.439.441 1kWh=7c$
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Decision Making
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