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HOW ADVERTISING WORKS

JOMC 170 04HowAdvWorks.ppt

Readings
How Advertising Works: A Planning Model Revisited
By: Vaughn, Richard. Journal of Advertising Research, Feb/Mar86, Vol. 26 Issue 1, p57.

How Advertising Works: What Do We Really Know?


By: Vakratsas, Demetrios; Ambler, Tim. Journal of Marketing, Jan99, Vol. 63 Issue 1, p26-43.

Advertising's Role in Capitalist Markets: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here?
By: Tellis, Gerard J.. Journal of Advertising Research, Jun2005, Vol. 45 Issue 2, p162-170.

How Advertising Works: A Planning Model Revisited


Classic model used by Foote, Cone & Belding. First proposed in 1980. Notes that context determines effects.

FCB Grid (Richard Vaughn, 1980)


THINK FEEL

HIGH INVOLVEMENT

1 3

2 4

LOW INVOLVEMENT

FCB Grid

Quadrant 1: THINK / HIGH INVOLVEMENT

INFORMATIVE (economic) Classical hierarchy-of-effects: Awareness Knowledge Liking Preference Conviction Purchase Learn Feel Do.

FCB Grid

Quadrant 2: FEEL / HIGH INVOLVEMENT

AFFECTIVE (psychological) Products fulfilling self-esteem, subconscious, ego-related impulses. Requires perhaps more emotional communication. Feel Learn Do.

FCB Grid

Quadrant 3: THINK / LOW INVOLVEMENT

HABITUAL (responsive) Routine consumer behavior. Learning occurs most often after exploratory trial purchase. Learning by doing. Do Learn Feel.

FCB Grid

Quadrant 4: FEEL / LOW INVOLVEMENT

SATISFACTION (social) Personal taste Lifes little pleasures Peer-oriented items. Do Feel Learn.

FCB Grid
THINK FEEL

HIGH INVOLVEMENT

1 3

2 4

LOW INVOLVEMENT

FCB Grid
THINK INFORMATIVE HIGH INVOLVEMENT (economic) FEEL

Learn Feel Do

2 4

LOW INVOLVEMENT

FCB Grid
THINK FEEL AFFECTIVE (Psychological)

HIGH INVOLVEMENT

1 3

Feel Learn Do

LOW INVOLVEMENT

FCB Grid
THINK FEEL

HIGH INVOLVEMENT

1
HABITUAL
(Responsive)

2 4

LOW INVOLVEMENT

Do Learn Feel

FCB Grid
THINK FEEL

HIGH INVOLVEMENT

1 3

2
SATISFACTION
(Social) Do Feel Learn

LOW INVOLVEMENT

FCB Grid
THINK INFORMATIVE HIGH INVOLVEMENT (economic) FEEL AFFECTIVE (Psychological)

Learn Feel Do

Feel Learn Do

LOW INVOLVEMENT

HABITUAL
(Responsive)

SATISFACTION
(Social) Do Feel Learn

Do Learn Feel

FCB Grid
We may not now, or ever, know definitively how advertising works. But we do know it works in some definable ways well enough to make more effective advertising.

How Advertising Works: What Do We Really Know?


Reviews 250+ articles / books 7 types of models & findings
Example: FCB Grid would be an integrative model ([C][A][E])

5 generalizations about how advertising works Directions for future research

Generalization 1
Experience (E), affect (A), and cognition (C) are the three intermediate advertising effects, and the omission of any one can lead to overestimation of the effect of the others Demonstrated in the evolution of models from simple (C) to more complex ([C][A][E]).

Generalization 2
Short-term advertising elasticities are small and decrease during the product life cycle. Lower than promotions Weaker than product usage (E) effects Greater for new brands

Generalization 3
In mature, frequently purchased packaged goods markets, returns to advertising diminish fast. A small frequency, therefore (1-3 per purchase cycle), is sufficient for advertising an established brand. Diminishing returns First exposure is most influential.

Generalization 4
The concept of a space of intermediate effects is supported, but a hierarchy (sequence) is not. Significance of intermediate effects (C, A, and E) depends on context. Hierarchy framework does not allow for interactions between effects.

Generalization 5
Cognitive bias interferes with affect measurement. Affect can be more important than cognition. Cognitive bias understates the role of affect and misreports reality.

Advertising's Role in Capitalist Markets: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here?
9 misconceptions about advertising. Advertising is essential for free markets. Where do we go from here?

Misconception 1: Advertising is a powerful force in shaping consumer preferences.

Some advertisements are. Potential is there. Most advertising is lost in the noise (or worse, adds to the noise). Even success is quickly imitated. This is the nature of a free, competitive market.

Misconception 2: Even if advertising does not work immediately, repetition will ensure its ultimate effectiveness.

Consumers havent seen it, they need more time, etc. Escalation of commitment
If advertising doesnt work in a reasonably short time it is unlikely to ever work.

Misconception 3: Advertisements take time to wearin.

Wearin = improvement of effectiveness during first few weeks. Wearout = decline in effectiveness as campaign ages.
Wearin is short or nonexistent and wearout starts right away.

Misconception 4: The effects of advertising last for years and even decades.

We remember old ads. Old research used inappropriate data.


Effects of advertising are rather fleeting.

Misconception 5: Even if advertising seems ineffective, stopping would be dangerous.

Argue that suspension could be disastrous. Or that competitors ads would be more effective.
Argument is not tested.

Misconception 6: Weight (or intensity or frequency) is critical.

The most expensive item in the ad budget is the advertising buy expressed as weight.
Big changes in weight may not result in even small changes in effectiveness. Changes in target segments, media, message, and especially creative content result in biggest change in effects. Ad response is highest for product improvement or new products.

Misconception 7: Advertising is highly profitable.

Spurious correlation between advertising intensity and market share. Because of the competitive activity, much advertising cancels out. Beware over-advertising: adding to costs more than to profits.

Misconception 8: Logic or argument is the most effective advertising appeal.

Consumers like to think of themselves as rational decision makers who make good if not wise decisions.
Emotional ads are more interesting, more easily remembered, more prone to lead to action, and less likely to arouse consumers defenses.

Misconception 9: Advertising is amoral in its practice, corrupts peoples values, or is unnecessary for free markets.

As a relatively weak market force (see misconceptions 1-8), advertising probably has little effect on values. Essential for free markets: the means by which an innovative firm can communicate its brands competitive superiority to consumers.

Where do We Go from Here?


advertising's effect on mental processes, advertising's effect on sales or market share, advertising versus sales promotion, advertising and pricing, advertising and brand equity.

Effects on mental processes


Multiple routes to persuasion ELM (central vs. peripheral processing) Power of emotional appeals. Consistency of cues enhances persuasion. Difficult translating/integrating lab results to the field.

Effect on sales / market share


Move away from aggregate data. Focus on content, message, cues, and creativity rather than message weight.

sales vs promotion
Misses two key points: 1. How to use both jointly. 2. Discount price may be competitive price.

Advertising and pricing


1. 2. 3. Advertising may Increase price competition. Lower prices. Increase consumers price elasticity.

Advertising and brand equity


How and when does this process work?

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