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NMIMS University
Theory of Production
Dipankar De
Mumbai, August 2007
1
The Firm
2
Production Function
• The relationship between the volume of physical inputs into production and the
number of units of output produced is known in economics as the ‘production
function’. It describes the technological relation:
q = f (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ,...., x n )
q = quantity of output of good
f(*) summarises the rate at which conversion of inputs into output takes place,
everything being expressed as rates per period of time.
Simplifying, q = f (L, K )
• where q = quantity of output per period of time
•L = labour hours per period employed
•K = units of capital services (machine hours)
3
Production Function
• There are different types of production function that has been empirically tested
and found their relevance. These are:
1. Cobb-Douglas production function
2. Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function
3. Trans Log production function
• While the fixed factors are held constant during this period.
E.g. factory size is fixed in short period, and labour, electricity are
variable.
6
Average & Marginal Product
7
Relation between AP and MP
• When the marginal product is greater than the average product, the
average is increasing.
• Similarly, when the marginal product is less than the average product,
the average product is decreasing.
C Total
Product
A
Labour
per
month
AP, MPmax
MP
APmax
E
Average
Product
MP=0 Labour
per
Marginal month
Product
Law of Diminishing Returns
• The law states that if increasing quantities of a variable input are applied to
a given quantity of a fixed input, the marginal product and the average
product of the variable input will eventually decrease.
10
Concept of Isoquant
11
Concept of Isoquant
• With two inputs that can be varied, a manager would want to consider
substituting one input of the other.
• The slope of the Isoquant indicates how the quantity of one input can be
traded off against the quantity of the other, while keeping the output constant.
• When the negative sign is removed, the slope is called the Marginal Rate of
Technical Substitution (MRTS).
• The Marginal Technical Rate of Substitution is the amount by which the input
of capital can be reduced when on extra unit of labour is used, so that output
remains constant. .
Changein capitalinput ∆K
MRTS = − =− ( for a fixedlevelof output)
Changein labourinput ∆L
12
Elasticity of Substitution
• This shows the ease with which capital and labour or any other set of inputs
can be substituted for each other.
13
Elasticity of Substitution: Special
Cases
Fixed-Proportions PF Perfect Substitutes Inputs PF
Blue Pen
Shovel
Red Pen
Labour
14
Concept of Returns to Scale
• To answer the question: “How does the output change as its inputs are
proportionately increased?” - we need the concept of returns to scale.
• It refers to the way that output changes as we change the scale of production. It
is essentially a long-run concept.
• If we scale all the inputs by some amount ‘t’ and output goes up by the same
factor, then we have constant returns to scale.
• If output scales up by more than ‘t’, we have increasing returns to scale; and
15
Significance Returns to Scale
16