Recent advances in cartilage tissue engineering: Solid free-form fabrication, Injection molding, Cell-Mediated Sintering, Micro fluidics &

Surface acoustic waves driven seeding

C.Mahapatra 1, K.Pramanik*2 , R.K.Patra3 1 , 2National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India 3Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, India
*Corresponding author: kpr@nitrkl.ac.in

ABSTRACT

The challenge of tissue engineering is to identify cells, scaffolds, and growth conditions that will be optimal for tissue regeneration .Thus the basic idea of the tissue engineering approach is to seed tissue synthesizing cells into a shapeable, biocompatible/bioabsorbable scaffold that serves as a temporary extracellular matrix which can be artificially fabricated by electrospinning which has the ability to produce materials with nanoscale properties. Electrospun fibers have been investigated till now as a promising tissue engineering scaffolds since they mimic the nanoscale properties of native extracellular matrix to direct the development of new tissue but recent advance have given new scope to go beyond the physical limits of electrospining by using solid free-form fabrication, injection molding, cell-mediated sintering, micro fluidics & surface acoustic waves driven seeding

INTRODUCTION
With earlier methods to fabricate scaffolds they were not fabricated with precise porous architecture but recent advances in both computational topology design (CTD) and solid free-form fabrication (SFF) which is categorized into various processing technique such as Laser-based stereolithography system, SLS systems, which sinter powdered material, 3D printing, wax printing machine, Nozzle-based systems such as Fused deposition modeling and Bioplotter have made it possible to create scaffolds with controlled architecture. Injection molding is a promising technology which allows for the fabrication of very small, precisely shaped chondrocyte seeded with calcium alginate hydrogels structures that faithfully maintain their shape during in vitro Culture. Cell-Mediated Sintering is also a good promising fabrication technique for development of sintering template for chondrocytes by the use of Polymer microspheres. By the use of Microfluidics Scaffolds have been fabricated in the form of solid foam, which is formed by rapid solidification of liquid foam which exhibit stronger mechanical strength and longer stability at the scale of 100 m. Surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been employed to drive particle suspension into a porous scaffold as a means for cell seeding. The SAW technique along with CTD & SFF therefore offers a promising technology to dramatically improve the speed and uniformity of cell seeding in scaffolds, which might contribute to rapid and uniform cartilage tissue regeneration.

INJECTION MOLDING CARTILAGE TISSUE ENGINEERING

RESULT

3.3D PRINTING

4.WAX PRINTING

FIG.9.Cartilage implant obtained from cell medicated sintering

FIG.3.GAG content increased in printed samples over time in incubation to 18.9 4.2 g/g DNA (n 417) by 3 weeks

Fig.1.Robotic platform The solid freeform fabrication robotic platform was an openarchitecture CAM system that consisted of a gantry robot and a set of interchangeable deposition tools (Fig.1).The deposition tools were attached to the X-Y axes of the gantry robot, and the hydrogel was deposited onto the Z stage, which served as the build surface. FIG. 2. Screenshot of trajectory planner. (a) CAD model loaded into trajectory planning software before tool-path generation. (b) Planned toolpaths. FIG. 3. Printed crescent suspended with tool.

5.FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING

6.BIOPLOTTER

FIG.10.Biodegradable Microfluidics to generate 2D vascularized tissue constructs

RESULT

FIG.4.Hydroxyproline content increased in the printed samples over time in SOLID FREEFORM FABRICATION FIG.6.Scaffold fabricated using selective laser sintering

CONCLUSION
FIG.5.Designed unit-cell microstructure by CAD computer aided design for application into solid freeform fabrication. FIG.7.Comparison of effective anisotropic moduli for natural bone and designed microstructure. Blue denotes design moduli and red denotes target moduli.

SFF systems:
1.STEREOLITHO GRAPHY 2.SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING

Cell mediated sintering

FIG.8.Cell mediated sintering method

REFERENCES