Physical Properties of Hydraulic Fluids

A hydraulic fluid has the following four primary functions: 1- transmit power 2- lubricate moving parts 3- seal clearence between mating parts 4- dissipate heats

Properties of hydraulic fluid

Good lubricity 2. Ideal viscosity 3. Chemical stability 4. Compatibility with system materials 5. Higher degree of incompressibility 6. fire resistance 7. Good heat transfer capability 8. Low density 9. Foam resistance 10. Nontoxicity 11. Low volatility
1.

Cont.
No fluid possesses all these properties. The fluid power designer must select the fluid that comes close to being ideal overall for a particular application. Testing fluid costs more than repalcing it. Figure 2-1 shows a test kit to determine whether fluid quality permits continued use. The indicators will be viscosity, water content, and foreig particle contamination level

Weight Vs Mass
F = W = mg F= force (lb) W=Weight(lb) M = mass (slugs) g= gravity 32.2 ft/s2 1 slug = 32.2 lb

Specific weight
Volume = area of base x height
weight SpecificW eight volume W V gamma (lb / ft 3 ) V Volume ( ft 3 )

Cont.
1 ft3 of water weights 62.4 lb, we can calculate the weight of water
water
W 62.4 62.4 lb / ft 3 V 1 ft 3 W 62.4 0.0361lb / in3 V 1728 in3

water

Specific Gravity, SG
Defined as the specific weight of the fluid divided by the specific weight of water, the specific gravity of oil can be found using:

oil ( SG )oil water

Density
This is mass per unit volume
m V greek symbol Rho, ( slug / ft 3 ) m mass ( slug )

Cont.
W mg

V Vg thus g

Hence, density equals specific weight divided by the acceleration of gravity.

Cont.
SG

water

g g water

water

Now determine the density of oil having specific weight of 56 lb/ft3?

Density
= m/V = Greek symbol, rho = density (slug/ft3 ) m = mass (slug) V = VOLUME We can deduce that the relationship between density and specific weight is = /g (prove that)

cont
specific gravity and density are related by SG = / water
Example

find the density of a body with mass of 4 slug and volume of 1.8 ft3 compare that if = 71.6 lb/ ft3

Force and Pressure

Pressure is defined as force per unit area and is indicated by p = F/A Where p = pressure F = force A= area

cont
The pressure acting on the bottom of the container can be calculated by the equaition above , knowing that the total force acting at the botttom equals the 62.4 lb weight of the water p = 62.4/ 144 in2 = 0.433 psi psi = lb/ in2

HEAD
Due to its weight a 1-ft column of water develops at its base a pressure of 0.433 psi. the 1 ft of column is called the pressure head.

Cont.
From figure 2-6 which shows 10 ft high of water p= F/A = 624/144 = 4.33 psi

What if the fluid is not water? Figure 2-7 shows a 1 ft3 of oil
If the weight density of oil is 57lb/ ft3 then, the pressure at the base is

Cont.
p= F/A = 57/144 = 0.4 psi Why the oil produces less pressure?

cont
p= H Where H is the head (liquid column height)

Example 2-5 Find the pressure on a skin diver whho has descended to a depth of 60 ft in fresh water?

Atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric pressure is the pressure developed on earths surface due to the force of attraction between the atmoshpere and earth. In figure 2-8 the column of air that extends above earths surface weights about 14.7 lb/in2 on earth surface at sea level. This value is called the atmospheric pressure and the value of 14.7 lb/in2 is called standard atmosphere pressure.

Gage and Absolute Pressure

When using a pressure gage, it will read zero pressure instead of 14.7 psi on a deflated automobile tire. Gage pressures are labeled psig, or simply psi where absolute pressures are labeled psi (abs) or psia. Atmospheric pressures are measured with devices called barometers. Figure 2-9 shows a mercury barometer (specific weight of mercury is 4.9 lb/in3 )

CONT.
p= H 14.7 = 0.49 X H H = 30 in

Cont.
Figure 2- 10 reveals that p1 = 4.7 psia ( less than atmospheric pressure) p2= 24.7 psia (greater than atmospheric pressure) = 10 psig pabs = pgage + patm

Cont.
Example 2-6 How high would a tube of a barometer have to be if water were used instead of mercury? Sol p= H 14.7 = 0.0361 x H H = 34 ft This is really TOO HIGH

CONT
Example 2-7 Convert a -5 psi pressure to an absolutte pressure Sol pabs = pgage + patm pabs = -5 +14.7 = 9.7 psia

Example 2-8 Find the absolute pressure on the skin diver of example 2.5

The Metric System SI system

Length is in meters (m) Mass is in kilogram (kg) Force is in newton (N) Temperature is in degree celsius C 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 kg = .0685 slug 1 N = 0.225 lb

Pressure comparison
1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2 1 Pa = 0.000145 psi patm = 101,000 Pa (abs) 1 bar = 105 N/m2
fghf

=105 Pa = 14.5 psi

Temperatur Comparisons
T (F) = 1.8 T (c) +32 Example 2-9 An oil has a specific weight of 56 lb/ft3. determine its specific weight in units of N/m3

BULK MODULUS
The stiffness of a hydraulic system is directly related to the incompressibility of the oil. Bulk modulus is a measure of this incompressibility. The higher the bulk modulus, the less compressible or stiffer the fluid.

The minus sign indicates that as the pressure increases on a given amount of fluid, the fluids volume decreases, and vice versa

Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the fluid resistance to flow. When the vicosity is low the fluid flows easily and is thin in appearance.
Too high vicosity resluts in 1- high resistance to flow 2- increase power consumption due to frictional losses 3- increased pressure drops through valves and lines 4- high temperatures caused by friction

CONT.
Too low vicosity: 1- increased oil leakage past seals 2- excessive wear due to breakdown of oil films between mating moving parts such as pistons.

Absolute viscosity of oil can be represented mathematically as follows

Absolute viscosity

= /( /y)= F/A/ ( /y)= =shear stress in oil/slope of velocity profile

Cont.
The viscosity of the fluid is measured by soybolt viscometer.

cont.
Example 2-18 In figure 2-14 the moving plate is 1 m on a side ( in contact with oil) and the oil film is 5 mm thick. A 10 N force is required to move the palte at velocity of 1 m/s. find the absolute viscosity of the oil in units of N.s/m2

Example
Find the pressure on a skin diver who has decesnded to a depth of 18.3 m in a fresh water ( = 9800 N/m3)

HW-2
page 56 - 58

2-29 2-30 2-32 2-34 2-35 2-37 2-45

Project -1
Write a matlab program that enable the users to determine How high would a tube of a barometer have to be if different liquids are used. List as many liquids as you can

Two students per group Deadline in two weeks 9/27