Chapter 8

Solutions
Solubility
Percent Concentration
Colloids and Suspensions

LecturePLUS Timberlake 1
 Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that

can dissolve in a specific amount of
solvent usually 100 g.

g of solute
100 g water

LecturePLUS Timberlake 2
 Saturated and Unsaturated
A saturated solution contains the maximum
amount of solute that can dissolve.
Undissolved solute remains.

An unsaturated solution does not contain all

the solute that could dissolve

LecturePLUS Timberlake 3
 Learning Check S1

At 40°C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g

H2O. Indicate if the following solutions are
(1) saturated or (2) unsaturated
A. ___60 g KBr in 100 g of water at 40°C
B. ___200 g KBr in 200 g of water at 40°C
C. ___25 KBr in 50 g of water at 40°C
LecturePLUS Timberlake 4
 Solution S1
At 40°C, the solubility of KBr is 80 g/100 g
H2O. Indicate if the following solutions are
(1) saturated or (2) unsaturated
A. 2 Less than 80 g/100 g H2O
B. 1 Same as 100 g KBr in 100 g of water
at 40°C, which is greater than its solubility
C. 2 Same as 60 g KBr in 100 g of water,
which is less than Timberlake
LecturePLUS its solubility 5
 Temperature and Solubility of
Solids
Temperature Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
KCl(s) NaNO3(s)
0° 27.6 74
20°C 34.0 88
50°C 42.6 114
100°C 57.6 182
The solubility of most solids (decreases or
increases ) with an increase in the
temperature. LecturePLUS Timberlake 6
 Temperature and Solubility of
Solids
Temperature Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
KCl(s) NaNO3(s)
0° 27.6 74
20°C 34.0 88
50°C 42.6 114
100°C 57.6 182
The solubility of most solids increases with
an increase in the temperature.
LecturePLUS Timberlake 7
 Temperature and Solubility of
Gases
Temperature Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
CO2(g) O2(g)
0°C 0.34 0.0070
20°C 0.17 0.0043
50°C 0.076 0.0026

The solubility of gases (decreases or

increases) with an increase in
temperature. LecturePLUS Timberlake 8
 Temperature and Solubility of
Gases
Temperature Solubility (g/100 g H2O)
CO2(g) O2(g)
0°C 0.34 0.0070
20°C 0.17 0.0043
50°C 0.076 0.0026

The solubility of gases decreases with an

increase in temperature.
LecturePLUS Timberlake 9
 Learning Check S2

A. Why would a bottle of carbonated drink

possibly burst (explode) when it is left out
in the hot sun ?

B. Why would fish die in water that gets too

warm?

LecturePLUS Timberlake 10
 Solution S2

A. Gas in the bottle builds up as the gas

becomes less soluble in water at high
temperatures, which may cause the bottle
to explode.

B. Because O2 gas is less soluble in warm

water, the fish may not obtain the needed
amount of O2 for their survival.
LecturePLUS Timberlake 11
 Soluble and Insoluble Salts

A soluble salt is an ionic compound that

dissolves in water.

An insoluble salt is an ionic compound that

does not dissolve in water

LecturePLUS Timberlake 12
 Solubility Rules

1. A salt is soluble in water if it contains

any one of the following ions:
NH4+ Li+ Na+ K+ or NO3-

Examples:
soluble salts
LiCl Na2SO4 KBr Ca(NO3)2
LecturePLUS Timberlake 13
 Cl- Salts

2. Salts with Cl- are soluble, but not if the

positive ion is Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+.
Examples:
soluble not soluble(will not dissolve)
MgCl2 AgCl
PbCl2
LecturePLUS Timberlake 14
 SO42- Salts

3. Salts with SO42- are soluble, but not if

the positive ion is Ba2+, Pb2+, Hg2+ or
Ca2+.
Examples:
soluble not soluble
MgSO4 BaSO4
PbSO4
LecturePLUS Timberlake 15
 Other Salts

4. Most salts containing CO32-, PO43-, S2-

and OH- are not soluble.
Examples:
soluble not soluble
Na2CO3 CaCO3
K 2S CuS
LecturePLUS Timberlake 16
 Learning Check S3

Indicate if each salt is (1)soluble or (2)not

soluble:
A. ______ Na2SO4
B. ______ MgCO3

C. ______ PbCl2

D. ______ MgCl2
LecturePLUS Timberlake 17
 Solution S3

Indicate if each salt is (1) soluble or

(2) not soluble:
A. _1_ Na2SO4
B. _2_ MgCO3

C. _2_ PbCl2

D. _1_ MgCl2
LecturePLUS Timberlake 18