WASTE WATER TREATMENT

PROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATION ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS Drs. Subagiyo, MSi

2007

PROCESS DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Selection of the reactor type Loading criteria Sludge production Oxygen requirment and transfer Control filamentous organisms Effluent characteristics

SELECTION OF REACTOR TYPE Reaction kinetics governing the treatment process Oxygen transfer equipment The nature of the waste water Local environmental condition

LOADING CRITERIA
The 2 most commonly used parameters:

The food to microorganism ratio (F/M) The mean cell residence time qc

F/M

F/M = So / qX
F/M So q X = food to microorganism ratio = influent BOD or COD concentration mg/L (g/m3) = hydrolic detention time of the tank aeration = V/Q, d = concentration of volatile suspended solid in the aeration tank, mg/L (g/m3)

F/M RATIO

Typical value for F/M vary from 0.05 to 1.0

SPECIFIC UTILIZATION RATE

rsu
U= X =

So - S
qX

So - S qX

=
Vr

THE MEAN CELL-RESIDENCE TIME

Definition based on aeration tank volume VrX qc = QwXw + QeXe

Qc : mean cell-recident time based on the aeration tank volume, d Vr : aeration tank volume, Mgal (m3) X : concentration of VSS in the aeration tank, mg/L (g/m3) Qw : waste sludge flowrate, Mgal/d (m3/d) Qe : treated effluent flowrate, Mgal/d (m3/d) Xe : concentration of VSS in the treated effluent, mg/L (g/m3)

THE MEAN CELL-RESIDENCE TIME (U.S. customary units)

Definition based on total system volume Xt 1 qct = (QwXw + QeXe) 8.34 lb/Mgal. (Mg/L)

qct Xt

: mean cell-residence time based on the total system : total mass of VSS in the system, including the solids in the aeration tank, in the setling tank, and in the sludgereturn facilities

THE MEAN CELL-RESIDENCE TIME (SI units)

Xt

qct

=
QwXw + QeXe

qct Xt

: mean cell-residence time based on the total system : total mass of VSS in the system, including the solids in the aeration tank, in the setling tank, and in the sludgereturn facilities

THE PROCESS EFFICIENCY

U=

(F/M) E 100

E = (So-S)/So x 100

E = process efficiency, percent So = influent substrate concentration S = effluent substrat concentration

SLUDGE PRODUCTION
It will affect the design of the sludgehandling and disposal facilities necessary for the excess (waste) sludge

SLUDGE PRODUCTION U.S customary units

Px

= Y obs (So S) x 8.34 lb/Mgal. (mg/L)

Px

Yobs

: net waste activated sludge produced each day, measured in term of VSS, lb/d (kg/d) : observed yield, lb/lb (g/g)

SLUDGE PRODUCTION SI units

Px

= Y obs (So S) x (103 g/kg)-1

Px Yobs

: net waste activated sludge produced each day, measured in term of VSS, lb/d (kg/d) : observed yield, lb/lb (g/g)

CONTROL OF FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS

The most common operational problem in the activated sludge process Proliferation of filamentous organisms in mixed liquor result in porrly settling sludge Causes the biological flocs in reactor to be bulky and loosly packed Filamentous bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi

CONTROL OF FILAMENTOUS ORGANISMS

The addition of chlorine or hydrogen peroxyde to the return waste-activated sludge Alteration of the DO concentration in the aeration tank Increase F/M ratio The addition of major nutrient (i.e. N & P)

The addition of trace nutrient & growth factors

The use of selector

SELECTOR

Control of the growth of filamentous organisms in the complete-mix process have been achieved by mixing the return sludge with the incoming wastewater in a small anoxic contact tank as selector A separate compartment as the initial contact zone of a biological reactor where the prymary effluent and return activatedsludge are combined.

Contact time in the selector is relatively short, 10 30 min.

EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS

Organic content is a major parameters of effluent quality.

Soluble biodegradable organics

Suspended organic material Nonbiodegradable organics

Soluble biodegradable organics

Organics that escape biological treatment

Organic formed as intermediate productsin biological degradation of the waste

Cellular componen (result of cell death or lysis)

SUSPENDED ORGANIC MATERIAL

Biological solids produced during treatment that escaoe separation in the final settling tank Colloidal organic solids in the plant influent that escape treatment and separation

NONDEGRADABLE ORGANICS

Those originally present By-products of biological degradation

PROCESS CONTROL

Control of the activated process is important to maintain high level of treatment performance under a wide range of operating condition. The principal factors used in process control

Maintaining DO levels in aeration tanks Regulating the amount of return activated sludge Controlling the waste activated sludge

PROCESS CONTROL

The most commonly used parameters for controlling the act.process are : F/M ratio & mean cell-residence time, also MLSS. RAS : important in maintaining the MLVSS WAS: important in the controlling qc

OUR (oxygen uptake rate) : monitoring & controlling the activated-sludge process

RETURN ACTIVATED-SLUDGE CONTROL

The purpose : to maintain a sufficient concentration of activated sludge in the aeration tank

TECHNIQUES TO CALCULATE THE DESIRABLE RETURN-SLUDGE FLOWRATE

Settleability Sludge-blanket level control Secondary clarifier mass balance Aeration tank mass balance Sludge quality

Settleability

The return sludge-puming rate is set so that the flowrate is approximately equal to the percentage ratio of volume accupied by the settleable solids from the aeration tank effluent to the volume of the clarified liquid (supernatan) after settling for 30 min in a 1000 mL graduated cylinder

example

If the settleable solids occupied a volume of 275 mL after 30 min of settling,

the percentage volume would be equal to 38 % ( (275mL/725 mL) x 100 ).

If the plant flow were 46 Mgal/d (2 m3/sec), the return-sludge rate should be 0,38 x 46 Mgal/d = 17.5 Mgal/d (0.76 m3/sec)

SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX (SVI)

Volume in mL occupied by one gram of activatedsludge mixed liquor solids, dry weight, after settling for 30 min in a 1000 mL graduated cylinder. In practice, it is taken to be percentage volume occupied by the sludge in a mixed-liquor sample after 30 min of settling, Ov, divided by the SS concentration of the mixed liquor expressed as apercentage, Pw. The percentage of return sludge is

100/ ((100/PwSVI)-1)

example

To maintain a mixed-liquor ss conc. of 0.3 % (3000 mg/L), the percentage of sludge that must be returned when the SVI is 100 = 100 /((100/0.3 x 100) 1) = 43 %

Secondary clarifier mass balance

Accumulation = inflow outflow

0= X(Q+Qr)(8.34) - XrQr(8.34) + XrQw(8.34)

X Q Qr Xr Qw 8.34 : mixed-liquor SS, mg/L : secondary influent flow, Mgal/d : return sludge flow, Mgal/d : return activated-sludge SS. Mg/L : waste sludge flow, Mgal/d : conversion factor (lb/Mgal. Mg/L)

Qr = (XQ XrQw) / (Xr-X)

Aeration tank mass balance

Accumulation = inflow outflow

0 = XrQr (8,34) X(Q+Qr) (8.34) X Qr = Q Xr-X