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when dissolved in water; Base - a substance that produces OH- ion when dissolved in water; Strong acid - ionizes essentially completely into H+ and an anion;
into OH- and a cation; Weak acid and base - ionize reversibly; Limitation of Arrhenius Theory.
one proton. The conjugate acid of a base is the base plus the attached proton (base + H+). The conjugate base of an acid is the acid minus the proton (acid H+).
a base is amphiprotic. For weak acids and bases, equations can be written to describe equilibrium conditions.
Ionization of Ammonia
conjugate base. The stronger a base, the weaker is its conjugate acid. An acid-base reaction is favored in the direction from the stronger member to the weaker member of each conjugate acid-base pair.
strengths of weak acids and bases. Water has a leveling effect; when the strong acids are dissolved in water, they all completely ionize to the hydronium ion.
[CH3COOH]
weak base: NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4 + (aq) + OH- (aq) [NH4+][OH-] Base ionization constant: Kb = [NH3]
In a periodic group: Bond-dissociation energy is inversely proportional to acid strength. The weaker the bond, the stronger the acid. Anion radius is directly proportional to acid strength. The larger the resultant anions radius, the stronger is the acid.
Anion radius: the larger the anions radius, the stronger the acid.
Anion radius (ppm) (kJ/mol) Acid strength Ka 136 < 181 < 195 < 216 HF HCl HBr HI 6.6 x 10-4 < ~106 < ~108 < ~109
The strength of binary acids increase from top to bottom in a group of the periodic table.
X () EN) The larger the electronegativity difference between H and X, the more easily the proton is removed and the stronger is the acid.
EN Acid strength 0.4 < CH4 < 0.9 NH3 < 1.4 < < H2O < 1.9 HF
Strengths of Oxoacids
HOE Two factors: electronegativity of the central atom (E); number of terminal oxygen atoms. As the electronegativity of the central atom (E) increases and as the number of terminal oxygen atoms increases, the acid strength also increases.
Strengths of Oxoacids
As the electronegativity of the central atom (E) increases the acid strength increases.
Electronegativity
Acid strength Ka
2.5 HOI < 2.8 < 3.0 HOBr HOCl
As the number of terminal oxygen atoms increases, the acid strength also increases.
# of terminal O atoms 0
H-O-Cl
1
H-O-Cl-O
2 O
3 O
H-O-Cl-O H-O-Cl-O
Acid strength Ka
O C O
Carboxylic acids all have the -COOH group in common. Therefore, differences in acid strength must come from differences in the R group attached to the carboxyl group.
Ka
8.3x10-5
<
1.0x10-4
<
1.4x10-3
< 8.7x10-3
than aliphatic amines. This is due in part to the fact that the p electrons in the benzene ring of an aromatic molecule are delocalized and can involve the Ns lone-pair electrons in the resonance hybrid.
less likely to accept a proton. Electron-withdrawing groups on the ring further diminish the basicity of aromatic amines relative to aniline.
Kb
Amine bases:
ammonia
N
H H R H
N
R R R
N
R R
N
H H aromatic amine base
Self-Ionization Of Water
Even
the purest of water conducts electricity. This is due to the fact that water self-ionizes, that is, it creates a small amount of HO+ and OH-. HO + HO H3O + OH Kw=[H3O+] [OH-]
Kw = 1.0 x 10 at 25 C This equilibrium constant is very important because it applies to all aqueous solutions acids, bases, salts, and non electrolytes not just to pure water.
pH and pOH
pH = - log[H3O+]
pH = - log[OH-]
acidic solution: [H3O+] > 10-7 M basic solution: [H3O+] < 10-7 M
The pH Scale
reaction, data are organized under this equation, the changes that occur in establishing equilibrium are assessed, and finally calculations of equilibrium concentrations are done. When Macid/Ka > 100 or Mbase/Kb > 100, the calculations can be simplified.
Na+ is from NaOH , a strong base Cl- is from HCl, a strong acid;
H2O
Na+ and Cl- ions do not react with water. The solution is neutral.
2. KCN
KCN (s) K+ (aq) + CN- (aq) K+ ions do not react with water, but CN- ions do. CN- (aq) + H2O (l) HCN (aq) + OH- (aq) hydrolysis
The OH- ions are produced, so the solution is basic.
Hydrolysis
The hydrolysis of an ion is the reaction of an ion with water to produce the conjugate acid and hydroxide ion or the conjugate base and hydrogen ion.
You need to be able to write equation for hydrolysis reaction!
neutral solutions. Salts of weak acids and strong bases form basic solutions.
acidic solutions. Salts of weak acids and weak bases form solutions that are acidic in some cases, neutral or basic in others.
another contains the same acid and its conjugate base as a second solute, the two solutions have different pH values. The solution containing both the weak acid and its conjugate base has a pH much higher than the solution containing only the weak acid.
common ion because it is found in both the weak acid and the anion. The common ion effect is the suppression of the ionization of a weak acid or a weak base by the presence of a common ion from a strong electrolyte.
Buffer Solutions
A buffer solution is a solution that changes
Ph only slightly when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A buffer contains (i) a weak acid with its salt (conjugate base) or (ii) a weak base with its salt (conjugate acid) CH3COOH/CH3COONa NH3/NH4Cl
neutralize small added amounts of OH-, and the basic component can neutralize small added amounts of H3O+. Pure water does not buffer at all.
solution to neutralize added acid or base, and this limit is reached before all of one of the buffer components has been consumed. In general, the more concentrated the buffer components in a solution, the more added acid or base the solution can neutralize.
concentrations of the buffer acid and its conjugate base are equal.
Acid-Base Indicators
An acid-base indicator is a weak acid having
one color and the conjugate base of the acid having a different color. One of the colors may be colorless. HIn + H2O H3O+ + In Color 1 Color 2
applications in which a precise pH reading isnt necessary. A common indicator used in introductory chemistry laboratories is litmus.
solution
HendersonHasselbalch
equation.
Neutralization Reactions
Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a
base. Titrationis a common technique for conducting a neutralization. At the equivalence point in a titration, the acid and base have been brought together in exact stoichiometric proportions. The point in the titration at which the indicator changes color is called the end point.
point for a neutralization reaction can be best matched by plotting a titration curve, a graph of pH versus volume of titrant. In a typical titration, 50 mL or less of titrant that is 1 M or less is used.
point; pH changes sharply around equivalence point; pH = 7.0 at equivalence point; Further beyond equivalence point, pH changes slowly; Any indicator whose color changes in pH range of 410 can be used in titration.
pH is greater than 7 at equivalence point because the anion of the weak acid hydrolyzes.
The steep portion of titration curve around
equivalence point has a smaller pH range. The choice of indicators for the titration is more limited.
solution
HendersonHasselbalch
in the gaseous state, and even in the solid state that can be considered acid-base reactions in which Brnsted- Lowry theory is not adequate to explain. A Lewis acid is a species that is an electron-pair acceptor and a Lewis base is a species that is an electron-pair donor.
Summary
In the Brnsted-Lowry theory an acid is a
proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. If an acid is strong, its conjugate base is weak; and if a base is strong, its conjugate acid is weak. Water is amphiprotic: it can be either an acid or a base. It undergoes limited selfionization producing H3O+ and OH-.
solutions is 7. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7 and basic solutions have a pH greater than 7. In aqueous solutions at 25 oC, pH + pOH = 14.00. Hydrolysis reactions cause certain salt solutions to be either acidic or basic.
common to the ionization equilibrium of a weak acid or a weak base suppresses the ionization of the weak electrolyte. Acid-base indicators are weak acids for which the acid and its conjugate base have different colors.