Presentation on Transformer

MAJOR TOPICS

INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a device that
Transfer electrical power from one circuit to another It does so without a change of frequency It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction

Working Principle of Transformer

Classification of Transformer
1.Step Up Transformer 2.Step Down Transformer

Step Up Transformer
If the secondary winding has more no. of turns than primary winding, then secondary voltage is higher than primary voltage and transformer is called step up transformer

Step Down Transformer

If the secondary winding has lesser no. of turns than primary winding, then secondary voltage is lower than primary voltage and transformer is called step up transformer

CONSTRUCTION

Type of Transformer
Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer

Core Type Transformer

Core type transformers the winding surrounds a considerable part of the winding. The coils used are form wound and are of the cylindrical type.

Shell Type Transformer

In Shell type transformers the core surrounds a considerable portion of the winding. In this type the coils are also form wound but

Major Parts of Transformer

ransformer Tank rimary & Secondary Winding agnetic Core ap Changer onservator adiators ilica Gel Breather

Primary & Secondary Windings

Primary Winding: The winding to which the input voltage is applied is called the primary winding. Secondary Winding: The winding to which the load is connected or which delivers output is called secondary winding.

Magnetic Core
Magnetic core made of thin silicon steel laminations . In order to reduce the eddy current losses, these laminations are insulated from each other by thin layers of varnish. The vertical portions of the core are called legs or limbs and the top and the bottom portion are called the yokes

Conservator
It is a large cylinder connected by pipe to the transformer main tank. Transformer oil is filled up to the certain level in the conservator. Remaining upper portion is filled with air. The conservator volume is used for expansion of oil during higher loads. Communication of the air between top of the conservator and outside air is through the breather.
Conservator tank

Conservator
Conservator are of two type: Conventional Conservator Conservator with Rubber Air Bag

Silica Gel Breather

It is installed in a pipe from the conservator. Air is breathed during the load cycle through the breather. Silica gel breather provides moisture free air to the conservator tank. Silica gel crystal are dark blue in color when dry.
Silica Gel Breather

Tap Changer
Tap Changer is generally provided on the High Voltage side of the winding of transformer. Tap changers are used to maintain the secondary voltage reasonably constant at the users end.

Typpes of Tap Changer

Off Circuit Tap Changer: Designed to operate with Transformer out of circuit. Used for seasonal voltage variations. Consists of three parts: Live part connected to winding ; operating handle drive brought out of transformer for operating the switch & link connection between the above two parts.

On Load Tap Changer: -

Designed to operate with Transformer in circuit. Used for daily or short period voltage variations

Buchholz Relay
Gas & oil operated instrument which detects low oil level, formation of gas or development of sudden pressure inside the oil filled transformer. Gives both the alarm & tripping signal depending upon the oil level or amount of gas formed.

Bushings
Bushings

The Function of a bushing is to provide insulating support to a conductor passing through earth tank. Bushing is used when a conductor is taken out through metallic tank or a wall. Is made of single piece porcelain.

Marshalling Box
This Box is provided with each large transformer and placed on the side of the transformer and this enclosure is completely weather proof. All control cable and power cables for fan control and and auxiliary supply switchgear etc. are via marshalling box and it also houses the oil and winding temp. indicators.

Magnetic Oil Level Indicator

This is direct oil level indicating device provided on conservator. The center of the dial is normally marked with a temp. 25 degree Celsius. High & low level points are also marked to follow level changes as oil expands & contracts with temp. changes. The low oil contacts provided can be used for automatic alarm or tripping when the oil level in the conservator falls to a low level.

Oil & Winding Temp. Indicator

Oil Temp. Indicator: The thermocouple is placed in the pocket provided with the tank near hot oil & thermocouple leads are connected to oil temperature indicator placed in marshalling box.

 Winding Temp. Indicator: winding temperature indicator placed in the marshalling box gets input for measurement from 1. Thermocouple placed in the pocket provided with the tank near hot oil 2. CT secondary which measures the current in winding The indicator is provided with alarm & tripping contacts

Radiators
Provides cooling to the transformer oil. Oil is circulated through the radiators in which cooling can be assisted by a blast of air provided by fans. This cycle is continuously repeated

Types of Cooling of Power Transformer

O.N.A.N
O.N.A.F O.F.A.F O.F.W.F

Oil Natural Air Natural

Oil Natural Air Forced Oil Forced Air Forced Oil Forced Water Forced

DOUBLE DIAPHRAGM EXPLOSION VENT

Prevents damage to transformer tank by releasing any excess pressure that is generated inside the tank. Consists of a bent pipe with aluminum diaphragms at both ends. A protective wire mesh is fitted at the opening of the tfr. Also a wire mesh is provided at upper end to prevent upper diaphragm from mechanical damage. Near the lower end there is a small oil level indicator

OPERATION

LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
Mainly two types of losses- Copper loss & Iron loss. Copper loss is directly proportional to square of load on the transformer. Iron loss consists of Eddy current loss. Hysteresis loss

Eddy Current Losses

Why Transformer rating in KVA

Because Copper loss of Transformer depends upon current and Iron loss on voltage. Hence, total transformer loss depends on voltampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of load power factor. Hence rating of transformer is in KVA and not in KW.

VOLTAGE REGULATION
It is defined as change in magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage, expressed as a percentage of the secondary rated voltage, when load at a given power factor is reduced to zero, with primary applied voltage held constant.

If V1 is secondary terminal voltage at no load V2 is secondary terminal voltage at full load %regulation = (V1 - V2 )*100/ V1

 This change in secondary terminal voltage with load current is due to leakage impedances of the transformer. The magnitude of this change depends on the load power factor, load current, total resistance & total leakage reactance of the transformer. Distribution transformers should have good voltage regulation so that voltage at the consumers premises doesnt vary widely as the load changes.

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of Transformer is defined as Ratio of output power to input power. Efficiency = Output/Input = (Input-Losses)/Input

Efficiency of power & distribution transformers is very high( 95% to 99% ).

Condition of Maximum Efficiency

Efficiency of a Transformer is maximum when

Copper Losses = Iron Losses The above condition occurs at

About half the rated load in distribution transformers Near rated load in power transformers

All Day Efficiency

Transformers used for supplying lighting have their primary energized all the twenty four hours, although their secondary supplies no load much of the time. Hence the Iron losses occurs whole of the day and copper losses when loaded. The performance of such transformer is judged by all day efficiency (for a 24 hours) %efficiency(All Day) = Output in KWH/Input in KWH

(For 24 Hours)

Difference Between Distribution Trf & Power Trf.

Distribution Trf. The maximum efficiency of a distribution trf may occur at about half the rated load of trf. Power Trf. The maximum efficiency of a power trf occur at or near its full load rated KVA.

The efficiency of distribution trf is usually measured as All Efficiency of power trf is measured as day efficiency as load on these trf varied b/w wide output/input limits during 24 hours of a day.

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Distribution trf are those which change the voltage to a level suitable for utilization purposes at the consumers premises. Distribution trf are designed to have very low iron losses. Distribution trf have less efficiency than power trf.

POWER TRANSFORMERS
Power trf. are those which are used at sending & receiving ends of a long, high voltage power transmission line for stepping up or stepping down the voltage. Power trf have more iron losses. Power trf have more efficiency.

Maintenance

Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection

1. Hourly

Winding temperature. Oil Temperature

Check that temp. rise is reasonable

Load in Ampere Voltage

Check against the rated.

Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection Check against the oil level

Oil level in transformer and on load tap changer Oil level in transformer bushing Dehydrating Breather

2.

Daily

Do Check the colour of the silica gel & oil level in oil cup

Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection Examine for any crack or dirt deposit Check the dielectric strength of the oil Lubricate the bearing & check the all circuits including Limit switches

Bushing

3. Quarterly

Oil in transformer and OLTC OLTC driving mechanism & Automatic control

Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection

4. Yearly

Check for acidity Oil in transformer and sludge. Compare with the Insulation Resistance value at the time of commissioning Value Pocket holding thermometer Temperature should be checked Indicator

Maintenance Schedule
Sr. No Frequency of operation Item to be inspected Inspection

4. Dial type oil Gauge Check pointer for freedom 4. Yearly Relays, alarms, their circuits etc. Check the relays and alarm contacts and their operation.

Earth resistance

Testing

Ratio Test
This test is conducted by applying a single phase 230 V supply on the High Voltage Side winding and measure the voltage on Low Voltage Side winding. The Ratio should be checked at all tap positions.