TLC Networks Primer

Scuola Superiore G.
Reiss Romoli
Telecommunication
Networks: a primer
Gianfranco CICCARELLA
Tiziano TOFONI
Scuola Superiore G. Reiss Romoli

Via G. Falcone 25
67010 Coppito (L'Aquila)
Italy
e-mail: tiziano.tofoni@ssgrr.it
Contents
TLC services
Digital signal coding
Networks architecture and building blocks
Information Transfer Modes
The Intelligent Network
 Mobile Networks
TCP/IP Networks
Telecommunication
Services
Classification (ITU-T)
Bearer Services
Teleservices
Supplementary Services
Bearer Services
 TLC service that provides the capability for information
transmission between access points
 Examples
• digital connectivity at 64 kbit/s
• analog connectivity for voice band signals 300-3400 Hz
• high quality speech 7 kHz
• packet data connectivity
TERMINAL NETWORK TERMINAL
User-Network
Interface
Scope of Bearer Service

Teleservices
 TLC service that provides the complete capability for
communications between end users according to the
protocols established by agreements between network
operators
 Examples
• telephone
• fax
• e-mail
• ...
TERMINAL NETWORK TERMINAL
TELESERVICE
Supplementary Services
 Set of services that modify and enrich the basic services by
allowing the user to choose how calls toward and from
herself/himself are treated by the network, or by providing
him with information enabling an intelligent usage of the
services
You want your calls to be directed to your

The puzzle of supplementary secretariat when you are busy?
Just subscribe to CFB,
CFB and why not also
services !!! CFNRc ?
However, the interaction with BIC-ROAM and
even with BOIC-exHC will make the CF
 Examples quiescent abroad regardless of your CUG !
• Call Completion on Busy Subscriber;

• Call Blocking (incoming, outgoing);
• Calling Line Identification;
• Call Transfer;
• ...
GSM
Communication features
 Broadcast
 Any-to-any (anycast)
 Multicast
 One way
 Both ways
• asymmetric
• symmetric
Requirements for future services (I)
 Bandwidth
• fixed and mobile networks are pointing towards
integration of voice, video and data services
 Customization
• customers want be able to customize the service, tuning
it and changing the services parameters, ordering new
services, checking their status; this will be possible
through integrated network management systems
 Mobility
• it is to considered as both terminal mobility, personal
and service mobility (i.e. “number portability”, mobile IP,
GSM, etc.)
Requirements for future services (II)
 Easy to use
• services offering will be more complex and diversified,
need of “simplicity in complexity”
 Security and privacy
 Global Interoperability
• among networks and/or services (e.g.,fixed-mobile
convergence)
Bandwidth requirements (bit/s)
 Narrowband services
• telemetry < 10 kbit/s
• voice and fax ≤ 64 kbit/s
• interactive data 1-300 kbit/s
• videoconference 128-386 kbit/s
• ...
 Broadband services
• fixed images 1-10 Mbit/s
• commercial TV 1.5-10 Mbit/s
• High definition TV 10-100 Mbit/s
• ...
Digital Signal Coding
10110000000000011111101001101101
From Analog to Digital
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
10110000000000011111101001101101
Analog signal Digital signal

Digitizing signals: basic steps

 Sampling
 Quantization
 Coding
7
5 6
32 Bit flow
1 101 111 110 011 010 001
Sampling and Coding

quantization
PCM Coding (Pulse Code Modulation)

Digital POTS Signal Coding (*)

 Sampling frequency: 8 kHz
 Number of quantization bits: 8 bits/sample
Bandwidth = 8.000 * 8 = 64 kbit/s
Samples per second

Bits per sample
(*) POTS = Plain Old Telephone Service

Signal Compression
 Procedure based on algorithms that reduce required
bandwidth maintaining at the same time an
acceptable level of quality
 Examples
• voice: from 64 kbit/s (POTS) down to 6.5 kbit/s (GSM half-rate)
• video: from more than 100 Mbit/s (TV signal without compression)
down to 4-5 Mbit/s (MPEG-2, Analog quality TV), 1.5 Mbit/s
(MPEG-1, VHS quality TV signal), or less
1011000011111101001101101 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
Networks architecture and

building blocks
Network Architecture
Switched Network
Subscriber Local Loop
(Last Mile) Access
FAX
Network
Switching Transmission
Systems Channels
Access Network
 Bulk of cables and equipments connecting the

switching systems of a Public Network to the customer
premises
 Types of transmission physical media:

• cables
 unshielded twisted copper pairs
 optical fibers
• radio relay systems
• base transceiver stations
 Main equipments
• Multiplexers
• Concentrators
Access Network: Architecture
Secondary Network Primary Network
Area Distribution
Point
Multiplexer
Switching system
Local Distribution Optical fiber or

Copper cables
Point copper cable
Access Network: new technologies
 Digital access over existing copper

distribution network (e.g., ADSL *)
 Optical Fibers access (FTTC,
FTTC FTTH,
FTTH FTTB,
HFC *)
 Wireless Local Loop
* ADSL = Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop

FTTC = Fiber To The Curb
FTTH = Fiber To The Home
FTTB = Fiber To The Building
HFC = Hybrid Fiber Coax
Physical and Logical Networks (1/4)

 Physical Network (Transmission Network,
Transport network)
• transports at the physical level the bit flows coming from digital signal
coding
• made up of
 copper/fiber optics cables
 radio relay systems
 transmission centres
 multiplexing equipments
 Logical Network (Switched network)

• connects network switching systems in order to set up and tear down
connections between customers
• made up of
 switching systems
 network support systems
Trasmission channels
Transmission Media
• coaxial cable
• fiber optic cable
• radio relay system
• satellite link
A C
D F
Collegamenti fisici
B E
Switching Systems
Transmission centres
Switch
Switch
Tx
Switch
Switch
Tx Tx
Switch
Tx
Switch Tx
Tx
Switch
Information Transfer
Modes
Definition and components
 An Information Transfer Mode is defined as the

way used by a (switched) network to transfer
information
 Components
• Multiplexing
 set of techniques for sharing a physical medium among a number of users
and sources
• Switching
 the establishing, on demand, of an individual connection from an inlet to an
outlet for as long as the transfer of information requires
• Protocols
 procedures that are adopted to accommodate communication among
network components.
Multiplexing Techniques
Frequency Division (FDM, includes WDM)

[Analog]
Synchronous (TDM) (e.g. PCM multiplexing)

[circuit]
Multiplexing
Slotted (e.g. ATM)
Time
Division
[digital] Asynchronous
[packet]
Unslotted (X.25,IP,FR)
Synchronous Multiplexing
 Structured information flows (frames)
frames
 Addressing based on time position (TS,
TS Time Slot) of
information units (IU)
 Static bandwidth allocation
 Low and constant transfer delay
channel 1 TS0 TS1 ... TS31 TS0 TS1 ... TS31

...
MUX
C = 2.048 kbit/s
channel 31
Example: 2 Mbit/s PCM multiplexer

PCM Multiplexer
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
10110000000000011111101001101101
64.000 bit/s
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
time
10110000000000011111101001101101
64.000 bit/s 64.000 x 3 bit/s

Analog-to-Digital
Converter
10110000000000011111101001101101
64.000 bit/s
PCM Frame
1
M
u
l PCM Frame
t
i
2 0 1 2 16 31
p
l
e
x
e
r
30
Asynchronous Multiplexing
 Label-based addressing Payload Header
 Two types
• structured information flow Pay. H Pay. H Pay. H Pay. H
 implicit delimitation of IU
• unstructured information flow F Pay. H F F Pay. HF

 explicit delimitation of IU (flags)
 Dynamic bandwidth allocation
 High and variable transfer delay

Switching
 Switching is … what nodes do !
Space division
Circuit
[connection-oriented]
Time division (telephony)
Switching
Virtual circuit (e.g. X.25,

frame relay, ATM)
[connection-oriented]
Packet
Datagram (e.g. IP)
[connectionless]
Do we need switching ?
John
Mariah
Paul
Whitney
Jennifer
Switching = resource sharing
John
Mariah
Paul
Switching
System
Whitney
Jennifer
Switching = network intelligence
John
Mariah Switching Paul

System
Switching Transmission channels

System
Whitney
Switching
System
Jennifer
Digital Switching
0 1 i n 0 1 j n
Switching
System
0 1 n 0 1 n
Multiplexing and Switching together
Switching System Switching System
PCM Multiplexer
Switching System
Protocols
 Protocols allow like devices to communicate with
each other
 They provide a common language and set of
rules
 Basic concept of most protocols is Layered
Architecture (i.e., group of functions are broken
up into layers)
 Some functions
• flow control
• error control and/or correction
• sequence control
• ...
Layered Architectures: examples
Internet Protocol
OSI Suite ATM
User
Application
Presentation Application
Application
Session
Transport Transport
Network Internetwork AAL

Data Link ATM Layer
Physical Physical
Circuit Transfer Mode (1)

 Transfer mode where two devices are connected by a physical
resource that is dedicated to the parties for the duration of the
call
 During the call, the circuit is logically equivalent to a physical

pair of wires connecting the two users
A C
B D
Circuit Transfer Mode (2)

 Circuit-mode uses sinchronous multiplexing
 Connections are made up of three distinct parts

• call set-up
• information transfer
• call release
 Static bandwidth allocation with quantum 64 kbit/s
 Low and constant end-to-end delays
 Well suited for voice traffic

Packet Transfer Mode

 Transfer mode where user messages are subdivided into
units of (possibly) variable size, called packets
 Connections have no dedicated facilities
 Multiplexing and Switching procedure
• Packet-mode uses Asynchronous Multiplexing
• Packet-mode uses store-and-forward technique, i.e., switching systems
of the networks may store a packet for some time before forwarding it to
the next switching system in line
110 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 110...
01 ... 1011 11 ... 0010 11 ... 1110 ... 01 ... 1010
11 ... 0010 + 10 ... 11
PAYLOAD + HEADER = PACKET

Packet Switched Network
Packet Switching Node

Connection-oriented networks
 Packet switched networks where a virtual (logical)
logical connection
must be established between two host prior to the exchange of
data
 The network does not dedicate any transmission facility to the
connections
 Connection-oriented networks guarantee
• sequential packet delivery to the destination
• possibility to negotiate Quality of Service
N
Virtual Connection
 A virtual connection is a logical end-to-end connection
between two hosts
 Called virtual because the connection appears similar to a
circuit-mode connection between the hosts although no
physical resources are dedicated to the connection
 A virtual connection may be:
• Permanent (PVC:
PVC Permanent Virtual Connection\Circuit), must be
established (released) at service subscription (termination) time
• Switched (SVC:
SVC Switched Virtual Connection\Circuit), must be
established on demand by the user
 X.25, Frame Relay and ATM are examples of connection
oriented networks
Label Switching
Input Output
Port Label Port Label 45
1 29 2 45
29 64
2
2 45 1 29
1
1 64 3 29 3
3 29 1 64 Packet Switching
Node 29
Look-up Table
Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC)

Input Output Input Output
Port Label Port Label Port Label Port Label
1 29 3 45 2 15 3 14
2 30 4 15
A 29
1
4 15 2
2 3
45 3
C
14
B 30
1 3 43
16 2
2 1
1 45 2 16 10 4 1 16 2 43
3 14 4 10
D
Switched Virtual Connection (1)

1
4 2
Signaling Signaling
2 3 Signaling 3
C
B 1 3
2
2 1
4
SVC: connection set-up (via signaling)


1 29 3 45
1
4 2
2 3 3
C
B 1 3
2
2 1
1 45 2 16 4 1 16 2 43
SVC: data transfer


1
UNI 4 2 UNI
Signaling Signaling
NNI
2 3 Signaling 3
C
B 1 3
2
2 1
4
SVC: connection release (via signaling)

“Connectionless” networks
 Networks that do not require that an end-to-end
connection be established prior to the exchange of
information
 Each packet (also called “datagram”) must contain the
complete destination address for routing
 There is no guarantee of delivery or of sequential delivery
 Example : IP Networks
N
Network Signaling Systems

 A Telecommunication Network’s Signaling System is an
essential component that provides a mechanism for
network switches to exchange routing, link status, and
connection control information
 In-Band Signaling
• network signals share the same physical channel as the call being
set up and are carried within the user 300-3400 Hz voiceband
 Out-of-Band Signaling
• signaling messages are carried outside of the user’s voiceband
 Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
• one type of out-of-band signaling designed to exchange signaling
information between digital switching systems using signaling
channels that are separate from the user’s voice channel
Signaling in Telephone Networks
Switching System Switching System
IT16
08
62
336
39
0
Signaling System N. 7 (SS7)

 SS7 is a CCS ITU-T standard designed to support both
voice and nonvoice services
 SS7 is optimized for message-oriented signaling, using
digital trunks operating at speeds up to 64 kbit/s
1 1
2 2
Phone
channels
N N
Msg.Transf. Msg.Transf.
Processor Processor
Signaling messages
CCS7 circuit (64 Kb/s)
CCS Network N. 7
Switching Systems
SP SP SP
Phone Channels
STP STP
Signaling message
SP=
SP Signaling Point STP STP
STP=
STP Signal Transfer Point
Signaling Network
The Intelligent Network

What is it ?
 The Intelligent Network (IN) is one that provides a
large set of telephone-based services to the
customer
 IN uses an architecture that is built around SS7
network
 Basic idea (Colombo’ egg !!!)
• local switches are programmed to recognize calls that
requires special handling
• the intelligent part of the switch (the SSP,
SSP Service Switching
Point), by means of SS7 network, sends a query to a database
(the SCP,
SCP Service Control Point) to request information on how
to handle this call
• SCP,again by means of SS7 network, answers giving the
switch all necessary information to handle this special call
Architecture of the Intelligent Network

Signal Transfer Point
Service Switching Point
SSP
LSS
CCS Network N.7
SCP
SMS
Service Control Point Service Management System
Building Blocks
 SSPs
• enable switching systems to initiate queries to databases and
specialized computers
• convert switching systems query fro the switching systems “machine
language” to SS7 language and viceversa
 STPs
• route signaling messages between switching systems and specialized
databases
• STPs are packet switches
 SCPs
• hold specialized databases with routing instructions for each call
based on the calling and/or called party numbers
• also contain instructions to manage new services such as voice mail,
voice-activated dialing, and so forth
• in cellular networks maintain customer profiles and roaming
information
An example of IN service: Toll Free Number
800-XX...X
06 -YY...Y
SCP
800-XX...X
06 -YY...Y
06 -YY...Y
LSS LSS
LSS 06 -YY...Y
800-XX...X
End-user Service Provider

Intelligent Network Services (1)

 Customer oriented
• Toll free number (Freephone, Green Number, 800 service, ...)
 supports free calls
• Virtual Private Network
 subscriber is given part of the bandwidth of a public network, with the
performance of a private network
• Calling Cards
 calls can be made from any telephone and charged to one specific account
• Mass Calling
 subscriber can obtain statistics on high-volume calls to one or several
numbers (e.g., Televoting)
• Universal Personal Telecommunication (UPT)
 all incoming user lines are accessible by one particular number, regardless
of the location of the user
• ...
Intelligent Network Services (2)

 IN is also used, in a competitive environment, to
offer regulated services to OLOs
 OLO Oriented services

• Carrier Selection/Preselection
 Carrier Selection service makes it possible for the customer to
select a carrier, and then make calls via the registered carrier
dialing its Carrier Selection code
 Carrier preselection is a service where the customer keeps his
telephone connection to the incumbent operator. All the outbound
calls are however processed and invoiced by an OLO, using the
interconnect between the incumbent and the OLO
• Number Portability
 Number portability service lets to maintain the telephone number
when changing Operator
• ...
Mobile Networks
Analogue Systems (1st Generation)
Up to 470 MHz band:

• NMT 450 (S,SF,DK,N,A,E,CH,NL,B)
• C-450 (Germany)
• RTMS (Italy)
• RADIOCOM 2000 (France)
900 MHz band

• NMT 900 (S,SF,DK,N,CH,NL,...)
• TACS (UK,I,E,A,...)
• AMPS (North America)
Digital Systems (2st Generation)
900 MHz band:

• GSM (Europe, Middle-East, Africa, Asia, Pacific Area)
• D-AMPS (North America)
• PDC (Japan)
1800-1900 MHz band:

• GSM 1800 (Europe, Middle-East, Africa, Asia, Pacific
Area)
• GSM 1900 (North America)
Advanced Digital Systems (3st Generation)
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunication
Services
Network Architecture
VLR
HLR
AUC
“intelligence” NSS
VLR MSC MSC
switching
BSC BSC
radio coverage
BTS PSTN/ISDN
LA_i
BSS BTS BTS
BTS
access LA_k
LA=Location Area
Cellular Coverage
 The basic idea of a cellular network is to partition the available frequency

spectrum to assign only parts of that frequency spectrum to any radio base
station, and to reduce the power range of a radio base station in order to
reuse the scarce frequencies as often as possible
Handover
 Operation by which a Mobile Terminal is assigned another
Traffic Channel while involved in a connection (Note: the
two channels can be in the same cell)
BTS2
BTS1 Cell 2
Traffic Channel
Cell 1 Traffic Channel on
neighbor cells
Speech Transmission
B speech
T
S transcoder
Acoustic plane
Analog plane
Digital 6.5/13 kbit/s plane
Digital 64 kbit/s plane

Base Station Sub-system (1)

 The Base Station Sub-system (BSS)BSS groups the
infrastructure machines which are specific to the
radio cellular aspects of a mobile networks
 Basic building blocks

• BTS (Base Transceiver Station): comprises radio Tx and Rx
devices up to and including antennas
• BSC (Base Station Controller): is in charge of all the radio interface
management through the remote command of the BTS and the MT
 allocation and release of radio channels
 handover
...
Base Station Sub-system (2)
Operation Support System

control flow (OSS)
user data flow
BSC
BTS
Network and Switching
BSS Sub-system (NSS)
Network and Switching Sub-system (1)

 The Network and Switching Sub-system (NSS) NSS
groups the infrastructure machines which are specific
to the switching and intelligent aspects of a mobile
networks
 Basic components
• MSC (Mobile services Switching Centre)
• GMSC (Gateway MSC)
MSC
• Databases
 VLR (Visitor Location Register)
 HLR (Home Location Register)
 AuC (Authentication
Au Centre)
 EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
• Signalling System
Network and Switching Sub-system (2)
control flow
OSS
user data flow
MSC
MSC
BSS
NSS
Mobile Switching Centres (MSC)

 MSC main functions:
• Performs the basic switching functions
• Coordinates the calls set-up to and from GSM users
• Controls a set of BSCs
• Manages VLRs
 Gateway MSC (GMSC) main functions:

• Same as MSC + interface with PSTN/ISDN
MSC
Databases
 Main functions:
• HLR:
HLR stores the identity and user data (e.g. IMSI*,
IMSI authentication
key, permitted supplementary services, temporary data) of all the
subscribers
• VLR:
VLR contains the relevant data of all mobiles currently located in a
serving (G)MSC
• AuC:
AuC provides the HLR with different sets of parameters to
complete the authentication of a mobile terminal
• EIR:
EIR stores all IMEIs*
IMEI of Mobile Terminals that are either stolen or,
due to some defect in their hardware, may not be used in the
network
* IMSI = International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMEI = International Mobile Equipment Identity
Signaling System
control flow
Databases
user data flow
Signaling
System MSC
MSC VLR
Operation and Support Sub-system

 OSS groups all the machines which are specific to
the operation and maintenance aspects
• subscriptions management and billing
• operation and maintenance of network machines
• Mobile Terminals management
subscription network
management and operation and
charging MSC
maintenance
mobile
equipment
management
Security functions
 Purpose: to protect the network against fraudulent
access and to ensure subscriber privacy
• Authentication of the subscriber (through the AuC) to prevent
access of unregistered users
• Radio path ciphering,
ciphering in particular of all subscriber identity data to
prevent third-party tapping
• Subscriber identity protection to prevent location disclosure
 Note: all these facilities are not subscribed to and are

not under control of the user
GSM System: basic technical features

Frequency band:
• uplink 890-915/1710-1785 MHz
• downlink 935-960/1805-1880 MHz
Carrier separation: 200 kHz
Number of radio channels: 124 + 374
Note:
Note in most countries the 900 MHz band is shared by
analog and (possibly more than one) GSM systems
Example:
Example current situation in Italy
Hz Hz
M Hz Hz M Hz Hz
3 .8 8
M
0
M 2 .6 M
4 5
M
88 88 89 90 91 91
ETACS TACS GSM CT1
GSM System: basic technical features
Multiple access scheme: FDMA/TDMA*
Number of channels per carrier

• 8 with voice coded at 13 kbit/s (full rate)
• 16 with voice coded at 6.5 kbit/s (half rate)
* FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access
The FDMA/TDMA access scheme
frequency
200 kHz
time
15/26 ms slot
TCP/IP Networks
TCP/IP Architecture
 Application layer
Telnet FTP SMTP HTTP ... DNS SNMP TFTP ...
☞ Transport layer
TCP UDP
☞ Network layer IP
☞ Data Link layer Ethernet X.25 ATM ...

TCP/IP: from data to frames …
data
app data
tcp app data

TCP segment
ipip tcp app dati

IP datagram
Header Trailer
Data Link ipip tcp app data Data Link
Data Link Frame

TCP/IP Architecture
Dati Dati
UDP Dati UDP Dati
IP UDP Dati IP UDP Dati
Header Trailer Header Trailer

Data Link IP UDP Dati Data Link Data Link IP UDP Dati Data Link
Network
IP Header
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| IHL |Type of Service| Total Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |Flags| Fragment Offset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Time to Live | Protocol | Header Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
<RFC-791>
IP Addressing
32 bit
Network Host
8 bit 8 bit 8 bit 8 bit
198 . 18 . 140 . 208

An example of IP network
15.100.1.210
135.31.0.0
15.0.0.0 135.31.2.8
150.100.0.0
150.100.1.12
195.31.1.0
205.1.1.0
195.31.1.10
205.1.1.98
The Internet Organizations

www.icann.org
ICANN - The Internet Corporation

for Assigned Names and Numbers
The Internet Organizations

www.arin.net www.apnic.net www.ripe.net
IP Routers
Control Component
Exchange of
IP Routing Protocols routing
information
Update of
IP Routing tables Routing tables
Decisione di Instradamento
Incoming packets Outgoing packets
Data Component
Networks Interconnection through Routers
Layer Layer
4-7 4-7
Network Network Network
Data Link Data LinkData Link Data Link
Physic. Physic. Physic. Physic.
Net 1 Net 2
Routers work at Network Level only !!!

IP Routing : example
15.100.1.210
135.31.0.0
15.0.0.0 R3
135.31.2.8
R2
R1 150.100.0.0
Sending an IP
150.100.1.12
packet to
135.31.2.8
R5
R4
195.31.1.10
205.1.1.0
205.1.1.98
Transport Protocols
➤ Reliable
➤ Connection-oriented
➤ Error Control
➤ Flow Control
➤ Unreliable
➤ Connectionless
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Scuola Superiore G.

Scuola Superiore G. Reiss Romoli

TERMINAL NETWORK TERMINAL

Scope of Bearer Service

TERMINAL NETWORK TERMINAL

You want your calls to be directed to your

• Call Completion on Busy Subscriber;

Requirements for future services (I)

Requirements for future services (II)

 Security and privacy

Bandwidth requirements (bit/s)

Digital Signal Coding

From Analog to Digital

Analog signal Digital signal

Digitizing signals: basic steps

Sampling and Coding

PCM Coding (Pulse Code Modulation)

Digital POTS Signal Coding (*)

Bandwidth = 8.000 * 8 = 64 kbit/s

Samples per second

(*) POTS = Plain Old Telephone Service

Networks architecture and

 Bulk of cables and equipments connecting the

 Types of transmission physical media:

Access Network: Architecture

Secondary Network Primary Network

Local Distribution Optical fiber or

Access Network: new technologies

 Digital access over existing copper

* ADSL = Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop

Physical and Logical Networks (1/4)

 Logical Network (Switched network)

Physical and Logical Networks (2/4)

Physical and Logical Networks (3/4)

Physical and Logical Networks (4/4)

Definition and components

 An Information Transfer Mode is defined as the

Frequency Division (FDM, includes WDM)

Synchronous (TDM) (e.g. PCM multiplexing)

channel 1 TS0 TS1 ... TS31 TS0 TS1 ... TS31

Example: 2 Mbit/s PCM multiplexer

64.000 bit/s 64.000 x 3 bit/s

• unstructured information flow F Pay. H F F Pay. HF

 Dynamic bandwidth allocation

 High and variable transfer delay

 Switching is … what nodes do !

Virtual circuit (e.g. X.25,

Switching = resource sharing

Switching = network intelligence

Mariah Switching Paul

Switching Transmission channels

Multiplexing and Switching together

Switching System Switching System

Layered Architectures: examples

Network Internetwork AAL

Circuit Transfer Mode (1)

 During the call, the circuit is logically equivalent to a physical

Circuit Transfer Mode (2)

 Connections are made up of three distinct parts

 Static bandwidth allocation with quantum 64 kbit/s

 Low and constant end-to-end delays

 Well suited for voice traffic

Packet Transfer Mode