syed hashmi

ANSI/ADA Specification no.19Nonaqueous elastomeric impression materials Group of synthetic rubbery polymers introduced after world war ll According to GPT8- a group of flexible chemical polymers, which are either chemically or physically cross linked. They can be easily stretched and rapidly recover their original dimensions when applied stresses are released

CLASSIFICATION
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 19Polysulfide(1950) SiliconeCondensation silicone(1955) Addition silicone(1975) Polyether(1965)

CLASSIFICATION
According to viscosityLight body Medium body/Regular body Heavy body Putty VISCOSITY-it is a property that controls the flow characteristics of the material

WORKING AND SETTING TIME

WORKING TIME= begins at start of mixing and ending just before elastic properties have developed Must exceed time required for mixing , filling syringe and tray, injecting material on tooth preparations and seating tray SETTING TIME= time elapsing from beginning of mixing until curing process has advanced sufficiently

MATERIAL

MEAN 23C 6.0

W.T.(min MEAN 37C 23C 4.3 16.0

S.T.(min) 37C 12.5

polysulfide

Cond. silicone

3.3

2.5

11.0

8.9

Add. silicone 3.1

1.8

8.9

5.9

polyether

3.3

2.3

9.0

8.3

Penetrometer test, reciprocating rheometer,oscillating rheometer Related to viscosity and shear thinning properties than elasticity Increase in temperature, dec.W.T. and S.T. Cooling is used to increase time Increase in viscosity decrease time

Change in base/accelerator ratio = Change curing time Not economical Unpredictable Working and setting time= Polysulfide>Cond.silicone>Polyether> Add.silicone Snap-set=polyethers have clearly defined working time with sharp transition into setting time

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
Source of dimensional change1.polymerization shrinkage 2.loss of by-product 3.thermal contraction 4.imbibition 5.incomplete recovery of deformation

ANSI/ADA specification no.19Contraction not more than 0.5% to 0.1% Linear contractionCond.silicone>polysulfide>polyether> add.silicone For maximum accuracy,pour impression as soon as possible after removal from mouth

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
The study of flow characteristics of materials is called rheology Important for high accuracy Viscous pastes to viscous solids Control ease of mixing,amount of air trapped during mixing,air escape before impression is made Pseudoplastic /shear thinning behaviour

VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES
Dependence of materials response to speed of removal(strain rate) Intermediate between elastic solid(spring) and viscous liquid(oil dashpot) Teasing or rocking method Remove suddenly in direction parallel to long axis of teeth Permanent deformation following stain in compression-Add. Silicone>Cond. Silicone >Polyether>Polysulfide

Bench curing No memory Add.silicone-heavy body putty-elastic properties in working stage Stiffness (elastic modulus)-polysulfide< cond.silicone<add.silicone<polyether

DISINFECTION
Duration and mode of application depends -potential to absorb water -time since impression was made EPA-registered disinfectants Long immersion time-surfactant in hydrophilic vinyl polysiloxane leach out - impression become less hydrophilic -dimensional changes

DISINFECTION
Common disinfectants-2% gluteraldehyde, chlorine compounds, iodophors,phenolics Immersion method More than 30 min.exposure time is not recommended. Pour with gypsum product immediately Polyether-hydrophilic nature,immersion <10min.

TEAR STRENGTH
Tear strength test measures resistance to fracture of material subjected to tensile force acting perpendicular to surface flaw Maximum force needed to pull specimen apart divided by thickness of specimen is tear strength(N/m) Used in interproximal areas,subgingival areas,maxillofacial materials and soft liners

Tear strength=silicones<polyether< polysulfides Influenced by composition,consistency and manner of removal Tear energy=combined behaviour of strength and strain Polysulfide=highest resistance,but distort instead of tearing,metal casting does not fit

BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Cell cytotoxicity=polyether>silicone> polysulfide Impression material in gingival sulcus causes severe gingival inflammation Radiopacity of material helps in diagnosis Contact dermatitis from polyether Hypersenstivity potential of polyether catalyst

POLYSULFIDE
Also called-mercaptan,thiokol Matrix for solid state fuels Oxidizers used in space vehicles, Boosters for space shuttle program Brand names-Coe-flex,Neoplex,Omniflex,Permlastic

POLYSULFIDE
COMPOSITIONBASE PASTEPolysulfide Polymer Filler-Lithopone -Titanium dioxide Plasticizer-Dibutyl phthalate Sulfur CATALYST PASTELead dioxide Filler Plasticizer Oleic/stearic acid

CHEMISTRY
Main component-multifunctional mercaptan Oxidizing agent-Lead dioxide Chain lengthening between terminal SH groups Cross linking between pendant-SH groups By-product- water Exothermic reaction

PROPERTIES
POLYMERIZATIONstart at beginning of mixing and maximum rate soon after spatulation complete resilient network of adequate strength and elasticity MOISTURE- Humid conditions accelerates the setting of impression material TEMPERATURE- High temperature also increases the setting rate of material

WORKING TIMELongest working time among elastomers(mean time 4.3 min.) SETTING TIME- Longest setting time among elastomers (12.5 min.) -Change in base/catalyst ratio adversely affect curing rate ELASTICITY-Elastic properties increase with increase in curing time in mouth - Recovery of elastic deformation is least in polysulfide

ELASTIC MODULUS(STIFFNESS)-Least stiff among materials -relative amount of permanent deformation following strain in compression is maximum DIMENSIONAL STABILITY -Change in dimension because of loss of byproducts -For maximum accuracy impression should be poured immediately after removal from mouth, within first 30 min.

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES-Lowest viscosity,least stiff -easily removed from undercut areas with minimum of stress TEAR STRENGTH-Highest strength BIOCOMPATIBILITY-Lowest cell death count

DISINFECTION-It can be disinfected with immersion method -Glutaraldehydes,chlorine compounds,iodophors and phenolics -Disinfectants requiring more than 30 min. exposure time are not recommended

RADIOPAQUE NATURE-Helps in detection in gingival tissues SUPPLY-two paste system IMPRESSION PROCEDURE-Custom acrylic resin tray is important for accurate impression

ADVANTAGES
Long working time High tear resistance Margins easily seen Modest cost Excellent reproduction Good shelf life

DISADVANTAGES
Requires custom tray Stretching leads to distortion Stains clothing obnoxious odor Pour within 1 hour Dimensional stability less

CONDENSATION SILICONE
Main component---hydroxyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane Cross linking between terminal groups of silicone polymers and tri- and tetrafunctional alkyl silicates like tetraethyl orthosilicate,in presence of stannous octoate By-product-ethyl alohol

PROPERTIES
Maximum change in dimensions because of loss of by-products Supply-base paste and low viscosity liquid catalyst(paste catalyst),different colours Putty high viscosity,less polymerization shrinkage,tray material Brand names-Accoe,Cuttersil,Silene

ADVANTAGES
Putty for custom tray Clean and pleasant Good working time Easily seen margins Good tear resistance Good viscoelastic properties

DISADVANTAGES
High polymerization shrinkage Volatile by-product Low tear strength Hydrophobic Pour immediately Less shelf life Dimensional stability-less

ADDITION SILICONE
BASE PASTE- polymethyl hydrogen siloxane -Other siloxane polymers -filler CATALYST PASTE-divinyl polydimethyl siloxane -other siloxane polymers -platinum ,palladium salt activator -filler -retarder

CHEMISTRY
Polyvinyl siloxane or polysiloxane impression materials Terminal vinyl groups crosslinked with hydride groups Activation by platinum salt crystal No reaction by-product Secondary reaction between moisture and residual hydrides of base polymer Development of hydrogen gas Brand names-Aquasil,Clinch -platinum

PRORETIES
Least dimensional changes Can be poured after a long time Least amount of distortion from load Can be poured several times Pseudoplastic impression material High viscosity material,more stable and resistant to distortion Hydrophobic nature,add nonionic surfactant Sulfur contamination from gloves

ADVANTAGES
One step material Putty for custom tray Automix dispenser Clean and pleasant Easily seen margins Ideally elastic Pour repeatedly Stable,delay pour

DISADVANTAGES
Hydrophobic No flow if sulcus is moist Low tear strength Putty displaces wash Wash has low tear strength Putty too stiff Putty and wash separate Difficult to pour cast High cost

POLYETHER
First elastomer developed to function as impression material Reaction between azridine rings which are at end of branched polyether molecules Main chain copolymer of ethylene oxide tetrahydrofuran Initiator aromatic sulfonate ester Cross linking by cationic polymerization via imine end groups

BASE PASTEpolyether polymer filler -colloidal silica plasticizer-glycoether/phthalate ACCELERATOR PASTEalkyl aromatic sulfonate filler plasticizer

PROPERTIES
Less dimensional changes Can be poured after significant time Several casts can be made Absorption of water or fluids leaching of water soluble plasticizer Pseudoplastic Thinning material can be added Brand names-Impregnum,Permadyne

ADVANTAGES
Fast setting Clean Automix dispense Least hydrophobic Easily seen margins Good stability Delay pour Shelf life-2 yr

DISADVANTAGES
Stiff ,high modulus Bitter taste Needs to block undercuts Absorbs water Leaches components High cost

PROPERTY WORKING TIME(min) SETTING TIME(min)

POLYSULFIDE 4-7 7-10

COND.SILICONE 2.5-4 6-8 2300-2600 0.38-0.60 98

TEAR 2500-7000 STRENGTH(N/m) PERCENT CONTRACTION 0.40-0.45

CONTACT ANGLE 82 B/W SET MATERIAL AND WATER

HYDROGEN GAS EVOLUTION AUTOMATIC MIXING

N N N N 2

CUSTOM TRAY Y UNPLEASANT Y ODOR MULTIPLE CAST STIFFNESS N 3

PROPERTY WORKING TIME(min) SETTING TIME(min)

ADD.SILICONE 2-4 4-6.5

POLYETHER 3 6 1800-4800 0.19-0.24 49

TEAR 1500-4300 STRENGTH(N/m) PERCENT CONTRACTION 0.14-0.17

CONTACT ANGLE 98/53 B/W SET MATERIAL AND WATER

HYDROGEN GAS EVOLUTION AUTOMATIC MIXING

Y N N Y 1

CUSTOM TRAY N UNPLEASANT N ODOR MULTIPLE CAST STIFFNESS Y 2

MAKING AN IMPRESSION
Preparing a tray Preparing material Making impression Removing impression Preparing stone cast and dies

Preparation of materialMixing on mixing pad or glass slab Kneading method Automatic dispensing and mixing device Dynamic mechanical mixer Custom tray formationImportant for polysulfide Can be avoided for polyether and add. Silicone,stiff material,less shrinkage Avoid in severe undercuts,reduced compressibility

Impression techniquesMultiple mix or dual viscosityDuring working time,material set-bond affected If partially set-compressed elastically, spring back Monophase or single viscosityPseudoplasticity of polyether and add.silicone Putty wash techniqueTwo stage putty wash technique/reline tehnique Single stage technique-occlusal stops

Removal of impressionSnap removal 10 min.from time of mixing,6-8 min.in mouth Preparation of stone cast and diesAdd.silicone and polyether-2-3 casts and dies Time interval <30 min. Add. Silicone-hydrophobicUse surfactant or hydrophilic material with contact angle 30-35 with water

Wettability of rubber impression materials

Material

Advancing contact Constability of high angle of water(deg) strength dental stone(%)

Polysulfide Condensation silicone

82 98

44 30

Addition silicone Hydrophobic 98 Hydrophilic 53 Polyether 49

30 72 70

COMMON FAILURES
ROUGH SURFACEpremature removal from mouth improper ratio/mixing presence of oil/organic material on teeth BUBBLEStoo rapid polymerization preventing flow air incorporated during mixing

IRREGULARLY SHAPED VOIDSMoisture or debris on surface of teeth ROUGH /CHALKY STONE CAST1) Inadequate cleaning of impression 2) Excess water left on surface of impression 3) Excess wetting agent on impression 4) Premature removal of cast 5) Improper manipulation of stone 6) Early pour of add. silicone

DISTORTION. Resin tray undergoing polymerization . Lack of adhesion to tray,less adhesive . Filling tray soon,wrong adhesive . Lack of mech.retention . Elastic properties develop before seating . Excessive bulk of material . Less relief for reline material . Continued pressure against imp.material

Movement of tray during polymerization Premature removal from mouth Improper removal from mouth Delayed pouring of impression

ADA specification no.19Viscosity Max. workingMin. working Diameter of time(min) time(min) consistency disk (mm) Min Max Reproductio n of detail Line width Imp Gyp

Low Medium

1 1

2 2

36 31

41

.020 .020 .020 .020

High 1 Very high 1

2 2

35 35

.050 .050
.075 .075