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Siddiques Revision PowerPoint

Entry level AS Physics (based on the Higher Additional GCSE Science)

Distance, Speed and Time

Speed = distance (in metres)
time (in seconds)

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D S T

1) Seb walks 200 metres in 40 seconds. What is his speed?

2) Lucy covers 2km in 1,000 seconds. What is her speed? 3) How long would it take Freddie to run 100 metres if he runs at 10m/s? 4) Sue travels at 50m/s for 20s. How far does he go? 5) Hannah drives her car at 85mph (about 40m/s). How long does it take her to drive 20km?

Speed vs. Velocity

Speed is simply how fast you are travelling

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This car is travelling at a speed of 20m/s

Velocity is speed in a given direction (a vector quantity)

This car is travelling at a velocity of 20m/s east

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Acceleration
Acceleration = change in velocity (in m/s)

V-U
A T

(in m/s2)

time taken (in s)

1) A cyclist accelerates from 0 to 10m/s in 5 seconds. What is her acceleration?

2) A ball is dropped and accelerates downwards at a rate of 10m/s2 for 12 seconds. How much will the balls velocity increase by?
3) A car accelerates from 10 to 20m/s with an acceleration of 2m/s2. How long did this take? 4) A rocket accelerates from 1,000m/s to 5,000m/s in 2 seconds. What is its acceleration?

Velocity-time graphs
1) Upwards line = 80

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4) Downward line =

Velocity m/s

60
40 20 0 10 20 30 40 50
T/s

2) Horizontal line =

3) Upwards line =

80 60
Velocity m/s

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40 20

T/s

10

20

30

40

50

1) How fast was the object going after 10 seconds? 2) What is the acceleration from 20 to 30 seconds? 3) What was the deceleration from 30 to 50s? 4) How far did the object travel altogether?

Balanced and unbalanced forces

Consider a camel standing on a road. What forces are acting on it?

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Reaction

These two forces would be equal we say that they are BALANCED. The camel doesnt move anywhere.

Weight

Balanced and unbalanced forces

Reaction
What would happen if we took the road away?

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The camels weight is no longer balanced by anything, so the camel falls downwards Weight

A force is a push or a pull. Some common examples:

Introduction to Forces

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Weight (mg) pulls

Air resistance/drag a contact

things towards the centre of the Earth

force that acts against anything moving through air or liquid

_____ a contact force

that acts against anything moving

Upthrust keeps things afloat

Air Resistance

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Air resistance is a force that opposes motion through air. The quicker you travel, the bigger the air resistance:

The same applies to a body falling through a liquid (called drag or upthrust).

Balanced and unbalanced forces

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Balanced and unbalanced forces

1) This animal is either ________ or moving with _____ _____ 2) This animal is getting _________

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3) This animal is getting _______.

4) This animal is

Resultant Force
Calculate the resultant force of the following:

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500N

100N

700N

600N 50N

700N

700N 200N

800N

800N 100N

Force and acceleration

If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced then the object will accelerate, like these wrestlers:

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Force (in N) = Mass (in kg) x Acceleration (in m/s2)

F M A

Force, mass and acceleration

1) A force of 1000N is applied to push a mass of 500kg. How quickly does it accelerate? 2) A force of 3000N acts on a car to make it accelerate by 1.5m/s2. How heavy is the car?

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F M A

3) A car accelerates at a rate of 5m/s2. If it weighs 500kg how much driving force is the engine applying?
4) A force of 10N is applied by a boy while lifting a 20kg mass. How much does it accelerate by?

Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
1) At the start of his jump the air resistance is _______ so he _______ downwards. 2) As his speed increases his air resistance will _______ 3) Eventually the air resistance will be big enough to _______ the skydivers weight. At this point the forces are balanced so his speed becomes ________ - this is called TERMINAL VELOCITY Words increase, small, constant, balance, accelerates

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Terminal Velocity
Consider a skydiver:
4) When he opens his parachute the air resistance suddenly ________, causing him to start _____ ____.

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5) Because he is slowing down his air resistance will _______ again until it balances his _________. The skydiver has now reached a new, lower ________ _______. Words slowing down, decrease, increases, terminal velocity, weight

Velocity-time graph for terminal velocity

Velocity
Speed increases Terminal velocity reached Parachute opens diver slows down

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Time
New, lower terminal velocity reached

Diver hits the ground

Momentum
Any object that has both mass and velocity has MOMENTUM. Momentum (symbol p) is simply given by the formula: Momentum = Mass x Velocity
(in kgms-1) (in kg) (in ms-1)

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P M V

What is the momentum of the following? 1) A 1kg football travelling at 10ms-1 2) A 1000kg Ford Capri travelling at 30ms-1 3) A 20g pen being thrown across the room at 5ms-1

4) A 70kg bungi-jumper falling at 40ms-1

Force and momentum

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Newtons second law of motion says that the force acting on an object is that objects rate of change of momentum. In other words Force = Change in momentum (in kgm/s)
(in N)

mv F T

Time (in s)

Also called impulse

For example, David Beckham takes a free kick by kicking a stationary football with a force of 40N. If the ball has a mass of 0.5kg and his foot is in contact with the ball for 0.1s calculate:
1) The change in momentum of the ball (its impulse), 2) The speed the ball moves away with

Example questions

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1) Ben likes playing golf. He strikes a golf ball with a force of 80N. If the ball has a mass of 200g and the club is in contact with it for 0.2s calculate a) the change in momentum of the golf ball, b) its speed. 2) Nick thinks its funny to hit tennis balls at Tom. He strikes a serve with a force of 30N. If the ball has a mass of 250g and the racket is in contact with it for 0.15s calculate the balls change in momentum and its speed.
3) Dan takes a dropkick by kicking a 0.4kg rugby ball away at 10m/s. If his foot was in contact with the ball for 0.1 seconds calculate the force he applied to the ball.

4) Simon strikes a 200g golf ball away at 50m/s. If he applied a force of 50N calculate how long his club was in contact with the ball for.

Introduction to Radioactivity

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Some substances are classed as radioactive this means that they are unstable and continuously give out radiation:

Radiation

The nucleus is more stable after emitting some radiation this is called radioactice decay and the activity is measured in Becquerels (Bq).

Types of radiation
Unstable nucleus New nucleus Alpha particle

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1) Alpha () an atom decays into a new atom and emits an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 ______ the nucleus of a ______ atom)

2) Beta () an atom decays into a new atom by changing a neutron into a _______ and electron. The fast moving, Beta high energy electron is called a _____ particle particle.
Unstable nucleus New nucleus

3) Gamma after or decay surplus ______ is sometimes emitted. This is called gamma radiation and has a very high ______ with short wavelength. The atom is not changed.
Gamma radiation

Unstable nucleus

New nucleus

Words frequency, proton, energy, neutrons, helium, beta

Half life

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The decay of radioisotopes can be used to measure the materials age. The HALF-LIFE of an atom is the time taken for HALF of the radioisotopes in a sample to decay = radioisotope = new atom formed

At start there are 16 radioisotopes

After 1 half life half have decayed (thats 8)

After 2 half lives another half have decayed (12 altogether)

After 3 half lives another 2 have decayed (14 altogether)

A radioactive decay graph

Count

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1 half life

Time

Dating materials using half-lives

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Question: Uranium decays into lead. The half life of uranium is 4,000,000,000 years. A sample of radioactive rock contains 7 times as much lead as it does uranium. Calculate the age of the sample.

Answer: The sample was originally completely uranium

1 half life later

1 half life later

1 half life later

8 8
of the sample was uranium

4 8
Now only 4/8 of the uranium remains the other 4/8 is lead

2 8
Now only 2/8 of uranium remains the other 6/8 is lead

1
8
Now only 1/8 of uranium remains the other 7/8 is lead

So it must have taken 3 half lives for the sample to decay until only 1/8 remained (which means that there is 7 times as much lead). Each half life is 4,000,000,000 years so the sample is 12,000,000,000 years old.

An exam question

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Potassium decays into argon. The half life of potassium is 1.3 billion years. A sample of rock from Mars is found to contain three argon atoms for every atom of potassium. How old is the rock?

(3 marks)

The rock must be 2 half lives old 2.6 billion years

Ionisation

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Radiation is dangerous because it ionises atoms in other words, it turns them into ions by knocking off electrons:

Alpha radiation is the most ionising (basically, because its the biggest). Ionisation causes cells in living tissue to mutate, usually causing cancer.

Blocking Radiation
Each type of radiation can be blocked by different materials:

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Sheet of paper Few mm of aluminium Few cm of lead

Uses of radioactivity 1
Sterilising medical instruments

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Gamma rays can be used to kill and sterilise germs without the need for heating.

Uses of radioactivity 2
Beta detector

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Rollers

Paper

Beta emitter

Uses of radioactivity 3
Smoke detectors Alpha emitter

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+ve electrode -ve electrode Alarm

Ionised air particles

If smoke enters here a current no longer flows

Uses of Radioactivity 4 - Treating Cancer

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High energy gamma radiation can be used to kill cancerous cells. However, care must be taken in order to enure that the gamma radiation does not affect normal tissue as well.
Radioactive iodine can be used to treat thyroid cancer. Iodine is needed by the thyroid so it naturally collects there. Radioactive iodine will then give out beta radiation and kill cancerous cells.

Dangers of radioactivity
Alpha

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Radiation will ionise atoms in living cells this can damage them and cause cancer or leukaemia.

Beta

Gamma

OUTSIDE the body and are more dangerous as radiation is blocked by the skin.
INSIDE the body an source causes the most damage because it is the most ionising.

Background Radiation
13% are man-made Radon gas Food

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Cosmic rays

Gamma rays
Medical Nuclear power

Protecting the Earth

1) The Atmosphere

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2) The Magnetic Field

The Earth has a number of layers that reflect radiation back into space.

The Earths magnetic field reflects charged particles from solar wind away from us.

Gravitational Potential Energy

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To work out how much gravitational potential energy (GPE) an object gains when it is lifted up we would use the simple equation GPE = Mass x Acceleration of free-fall x Change in height
(Joules) (newtons) (=10N/kg) (metres)

Some example questions

1.

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How much gravitational potential energy have the following objects gained?:
A brick that has a mass of 1kg lifted to the top of a house (10m), 2. A 1,000kg car lifted by a ramp up to a height of 2m, 3. A 70kg person lifted up 50m by a ski lift.

How much GPE have the following objects lost?:

1. A 200g football dropping out of the air after being kicked up 30m, 2. A 500gN egg falling 10m out of a bird nest, 3. A 1,000kg car falling off its 2m ramp.

4. Nathan when falling 1.5m to the ground after being hit by a van (Nathans mass is around 80kg).

Kinetic energy
Any object that moves will have kinetic energy.

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The amount of kinetic energy an object has can be found using the formula:

Kinetic energy = x mass x velocity squared

in J in kg in m/s

KE =

mv2

Example questions

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1) Nicole drives her car at a speed of 30m/s. If the combined mass of her and the car is 1000kg what is her kinetic energy? 2) Shanie rides her bike at a speed of 10m/s. If the combined mass of Shanie and her bike is 80kg what is her kinetic energy? 3) Dan is running and has a kinetic energy of 750J. If his mass is 60kg how fast is he running? 4) George is walking to town. If he has a kinetic energy of 150J and hes walking at a pace of 2m/s what is his mass?

Electrical Energy

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To work out how much electrical energy a device uses we can use the formula: Electrical energy = voltage x current x time

(in joules)

= (in V) x (in A) x (in s)

1) A 230V kettle runs on a current of 10A and takes 60 seconds to boil some water. How much energy has it transferred?
2) A 230V TV runs on 2A and is left on overnight for 10 hours. How much energy has it transferred? 3) An ipod transfers 360J in 2 minutes. If it runs on a current of 0.5A what voltage does it operate at?

Conservation of Energy
In any energy change there is ALWAYS some waste energy, e.g. a light bulb:

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It is impossible to create or destroy energy it can only be transferred from one form to another.

Electricity

Light

heat

In this example HEAT is wasted its given to the surroundings. Waste energy is virtually always heat and its always given to the surroundings.

Work done

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When any object is moved around work will need to be done on it to get it to move (obviously).

We can work out the amount of work done in moving an object using the formula:

Work done = Force x distance moved

in J in N in m

W F D

Example questions

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1. Bori pushes a book 5m along the table with a force of 5N. He gets tired and decides to call it a day. How much work did he do?
2. Alicia lifts a laptop 2m into the air with a force of 10N. How much work does she do? 3. Martin does 200J of work by pushing a wheelbarrow with a force of 50N. How far did he push it? 4. Chris cuddles his cat and lifts it 1.5m in the air. If he did 75J of work how much force did he use? 5. Carl drives his car 1000m. If the engine was producing a driving force of 2000N how much work did the car do?

Work and Power

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The POWER RATING of an appliance is simply how much work it does (i.e. how much energy it transfers) every second.

In other words, 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second

W P T

W = Work done (in joules)

P = Power (in watts)

T = Time (in seconds)

Some example questions

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1) What is the power rating of a light bulb that transfers 120 joules of energy in 2 seconds?

2) What is the power of an electric fire that transfers 10,000J of energy in 5 seconds?
3) Isobel runs up the stairs in 5 seconds. If she transfers 1,000,000J of energy in this time what is his power rating? 4) How much energy does a 150W light bulb transfer in a) one second, b) one minute? 5) Simons brain needs energy supplied to it at a rate of 40W. How much energy does it need during a physics lesson? 6) Ollies brain, being more intelligent, only needs energy at a rate of about 20W. How much energy would his brain use in a normal day?

Centripetal force
Consider a ball of Pleistocene attached to some string:

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The ball is kept in its path by the tension in the string an example of a CENTRIPETAL FORCE. This force also produces the change in velocity due to the direction constantly changing. This force is INCREASED if you increase the mass of the object, its speed or decrease the radius of the circle.

Other examples of centripetal forces:

Orbits

Electrons

1) Electrical energy is transferred into gravitational potential energy

Roller Coasters

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3) Kinetic energy is transferred back into gravitational potential energy

2) Gravitational potential energy is transferred into kinetic energy

Properties Of Waves

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Waves can reflect, refract and diffract

Diffraction

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Diffraction is the spreading out of waves all waves tend to spread out at the edges when they pass through a gap or past an object

More diffraction occurs if the size of the gap is similar to the wavelength

Diffraction

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Diffraction is the spreading out of waves all waves tend to spread out at the edges when they pass through a gap or past an object

More diffraction occurs if the wavelength is increased (or frequency decreased)

Sound

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The explosion cannot be seen over the hill, but it can be heard - due to diffraction

Sound

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A high frequency (short wavelength) wave does not get diffracted much, so is more difficult to receive (i.e. TV / FM radio)

Sound

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A low frequency (long wavelength) wave is diffracted more, so is more likely to receive it (i.e. long wave radio)

Sound & Light

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Sound can diffract quite a lot (i.e. you can hear around a corner) because the wavelengths are quite big (around 0.1m in air) Long wave radio (long wavelengths) can diffract a great deal, perfect for radio
Higher frequency sounds have shorter wavelengths so diffract less Visible light has extremely short wavelengths, and will only diffract with a very narrow slit

Diffraction

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Sound can diffract through a doorway or around buildings lower pitched sounds travel better than high-pitched sounds because lowpitched sounds have a long wavelength compared with the width of the gap, so they spread out more Ultrasound is sound with a high frequency it has a very short wavelength compared with most gaps, so there is very little spreading making sharp focusing of ultrasound easier, which is good for medical scanning Light has a very short wavelength compared with most everyday gaps such as windows and doors there is little obvious diffraction, so it produces sharp shadows Long wave radio signals are much less affected by buildings and tunnels than short wave radio signals or VHF radio signals because of diffraction, radio signals can sometimes be received in the shadow of hills