Heat Diffusion Equation

In cylindrical coordinates:
t
T
c q
z
T
k
z
T
k
r
r
T
kr
r r
p
c
c
= +
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
| c
c
| c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c

2
1 1
In spherical coordinates:
t
T
c q
T
k
r
T
k
r
r
T
kr
r
r
p
c
c
= +
|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
u
u c
c
u
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
| c
c
| c
c
u
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c

sin
sin
1
sin
1 1
2 2 2
2
2
One-Dimensional
Steady-State
Conduction
Week 3 ME309 3
One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
Real conduction problems are
3 dimensional and time-dependent: T T(x,y,z,t)
Temperature dependent properties: k(T,x,y,z)

One-dimensional steady-state models
are still useful in accurate solutions to numerous engineering
problems
In Ch. 3 of Incropera, we will learn
how to obtain temperature profiles for common geometries with and without
heat generation.
the concept of thermal resistance and thermal circuits
Week 3 ME309 4
A plane wall
Consider a simple case of one-
dimensional conduction in a plane
wall, separating two fluids of
different temperature, without
energy generation
Temperature is a function of x
Heat is transferred in the x-
direction
Typical problem:
T
,1
, T
,2
, h
1
, h
2
are known
Find T
s,1
and T
s,2


What are the heat transfer
modes involved??
q
x

1 ,
T
1 , s
T
2 , s
T
2 ,
T
x
x=0

x=L

1 1 ,
, h T

2 2 ,
, h T

Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Week 3 ME309 5
A plane wall
Heat Transfer Processes:

Convection from hot fluid to wall
Conduction through wall
Convection from wall to cold fluid

Start your solution by determining
temperature distribution within the
wall
q
x

1 ,
T
1 , s
T
2 , s
T
2 ,
T
x
x=0

x=L

1 1 ,
, h T

2 2 ,
, h T

Hot fluid
Cold fluid
Week 3 ME309 6
Temperature Distribution
Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.4) in the x-direction for steady-state
conditions, with no energy generation:
0 =
|
.
|

\
|
dx
dT
k
dx
d
Boundary Conditions:
2 , 1 ,
) ( , ) 0 (
s s
T L T T T = =
Temperature profile, assuming constant k:
1 , 1 , 2 ,
) ( ) (
s s s
T
L
x
T T x T + =
Temperature varies linearly with x
q
x
is constant
(3.1)
Is it ok if they are
unknowns, but T

s
are known?
Week 3 ME309 7
Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction heat transfer rate is:
( )
( )
kA L
T T
T T
L
kA
dx
dT
kA q
s s
s s x
/
2 , 1 ,
2 , 1 ,

= = =
Recall electric circuit theory - Ohms law for electrical resistance:
Similarly for heat convection, Newtons law of cooling applies:
Resistance
Difference Potential
current Electric =
hA
T T
T T hA q
S
S x
/ 1
) (
) (

= =
And for radiation heat transfer:
A h
T T
T T A h q
r
sur s
sur s r rad
/ 1
) (
) (

= =
(3.2a)
(3.2b)
(3.2c)
Week 3 ME309 8
Thermal Resistance
Compare with equations 3.2a-3.2c
The temperature difference is the potential or driving force
for the heat flow and the combinations of thermal
conductivity, convection coefficient, thickness and area of
material act as a resistance to this flow:
We can use this electrical analogy to represent heat transfer problems
using the concept of a thermal circuit (equivalent to an electrical circuit).
A h
R
hA
R
kA
L
R
r
rad t conv t cond t
1
,
1
,
, , ,
= = =

A
= =
R
T
q
overall
Resistance
Force Driving Overall
Week 3 ME309 9
Thermal Resistance for Plane Wall
In terms of overall
temperature difference:
q
x

1 ,
T
1 , s
T
2 , s
T
2 ,
T
x
x=0

x=L

1 1 ,
, h T

2 2 ,
, h T

Hot fluid
Cold fluid
A h kA
L
A h
R
R
T T
q
tot
tot
x
2 1
2 , 1 ,
1 1
+ + =

=

A h
T T
kA L
T T
A h
T T
q
s s s s
x
2
2 , 2 , 2 , 1 ,
1
1 , 1 ,
/ 1 / / 1


=

=
Week 3 ME309 10
Composite Walls
? Express the following
geometry in terms of
an equivalent thermal
circuit.
Week 3 ME309 11
Composite Walls
T
,1
T
s,1
T
2

T
3

T
s,4
T
,4

1/h
1
A L
A
/k
A
A L
B
/k
B
A
L
C
/k
C
A
1/h
4
A
? What is the heat transfer rate for this system?
Week 3 ME309 12
Composite Walls
UA q
T
R R
T UA q
t tot
x
1
=
A
= =
A =

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and AT the overall

temperature difference.
)] / 1 ( ) / ( ) / ( ) / ( ) / 1 [(
1 1
4 1
h k L k L k L h A R
U
C C B B A A tot
+ + + +
= =
Week 3 ME309 13
Composite Walls
(a) Surfaces normal to the x-
direction are isothermal
(b) Surfaces parallel to x-
direction are adiabatic
For resistances in series:
R
tot
=R
1
+R
2
++R
n
For resistances in parallel:
1/R
tot
=1/R
1
+1/R
2
++1/R
n

Week 3 ME309 14
Example (Problem 3.15 textbook)
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm thick hardwood
siding (A), 40-mm by 130-mm hardwood studs (B) on 0.65-m
centers with glass fiber insulation (D) (paper faced, 28 kg/m
3
) and a
12-mm layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board (C).
What is the thermal resistance associated with a wall that is 2.5 m
high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high?)
(Note: Consider the direction of heat transfer to be downwards,
along the x-direction)
Week 3 ME309 15
Contact Resistance
The temperature drop
across the interface
between materials may be
appreciable, due to surface
roughness effects, leading
to air pockets. We can
define thermal contact
resistance:
"
"
,
x
B A
c t
q
T T
R

=
See tables 3.1, 3.2 for
typical values of R
t,c
Week 3 ME309 16
Week 3 ME309 17
Alternative Conduction Analysis
For steady-state conditions, no heat generation, one-dimensional
heat transfer, q
x
is constant.
dx
dT
x A T k q
x
) ( ) ( =
When area varies in the x direction and k is a function of temperature,
Fouriers law can be written in its most general form:
} }
=
T
T
x
x
x
o o
dT T k
x A
dx
q ) (
) (

Week 3 ME309 18
Example 3.3
Consider a conical section fabricated from pyroceram. It is of
circular cross section, with the diameter D=ox, where o=0.25. The
small end is at x
1
=50 mm and the large end at x
2
=250 mm. The
end temperatures are T
1
=400 K and T
2
=600 K, while the lateral
surface is well insulated.
1. Derive an expression for the temperature distribution T(x) in
symbolic form, assuming one-dimensional conditions. Sketch the
temperature distribution. (Is it still linear?)
2. Calculate the heat rate, q
x
, through the cone.
T
2
T
1
x
1
x
2
x

Week 3 ME309 19
Radial Systems-Cylindrical Coordinates
Consider a hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces
are exposed to fluids at different temperatures
Temperature distribution
Week 3 ME309 20
Temperature Distribution
Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.5) in the r-direction for steady-state
conditions, with no energy generation:
0
1
=
|
.
|

\
|
dr
dT
kr
dr
d
r
Boundary Conditions:
2 , 2 1 , 1
) ( , ) (
s s
T r T T r T = =
Temperature profile, assuming constant k:
2 ,
2 2 1
2 , 1 ,
ln
) / ln(
) (
) (
s
s s
T
r
r
r r
T T
r T +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Logarithmic
temperature
distribution
Fouriers law:
const
dr
dT
rL k
dr
dT
kA q
r
= t = = ) 2 (
T
s,1

T
s,2

r
1

r
2

Week 3 ME309 21
Thermal Resistance
Based on the previous solution, the conduction heat transfer rate
can be calculated from:
( ) ( ) ( )
cond t
s s s s s s
x
R
T T
Lk r r
T T
r r
T T Lk
q
,
2 , 1 ,
1 2
2 , 1 ,
1 2
2 , 1 ,
) 2 /( ) / ln( ) / ln(
2
=
t

=
t
=
In terms of equivalent thermal circuit:
) 2 (
1
2
) / ln(
) 2 (
1
2 2
1 2
1 1
2 , 1 ,
L r h kL
r r
L r h
R
R
T T
q
tot
tot
x
t
+
t
+
t
=

=

Fouriers law:
const
dr
dT
rL k
dr
dT
kA q
r
= t = = ) 2 (
Week 3 ME309 22
Insulation thickness


r
i

r
o

Air flow:
T

, h
1. Is there an optimum value of r
o
?
2. Is it always good to put as much insulation
as possible?
3. Is there an r
0
value for which the thermal
resistance is the same as r
0
= r
i
?
Week 3 ME309 23
Critical insulation thickness
( )
h r k
r r
R
i o
0
2
1
2
/ ln
t
+
t
=
r
i

r
o

Air flow:
T

, h
T
i

Total thermal resistance:
How can we find r
o,cr
?
h
k
r
dr
dR
h r k r dr
dR
cr o
r r
o
o o o
cr o o
=
t

t
=
=
,
2
0
2
1
2
1
,
r
o
- r
i

R
R
R
conv

R
cond

r
o,cr
- r
i

Is it better to make the insulation smaller,
or larger than the critical radius?
Week 3 ME309 24
Composite Walls
? Express the following
geometry in terms of an
equivalent thermal
circuit.
Week 3 ME309 25
Composite Walls
? What is the heat transfer rate?
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient. If A=A
1
=2r
1
L:
4 4
1
3
4 1
2
3 1
1
2 1
1
1
ln ln ln
1
1 1
h r
r
r
r
k
r
r
r
k
r
r
r
k
r
h
A R
U
C B A
tot
+ + + +
= =
alternatively we can use A
2
=2tr
2
L, A
3
=2tr
3
L etc. In all cases:

= = = =
t
R
A U A U A U A U
1
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
UA q
T
R R
T UA q
t tot
r
1
=
A
= =
A =

Week 3 ME309 26
Example (Problem 3.37 textbook)
A thin electrical heater is wrapped around the outer surface of a
long cylindrical tube whose inner surface is maintained at a
temperature of 5C. The tube wall has inner and outer radii of 25
and 75 mm respectively, and a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m
.
K.
The thermal contact resistance between the heater and the outer
surface of the tube (per unit length of the tube) is R
t,c
=0.01 m
.
K/W.
The outer surface of the heater is exposed to a fluid of temperature
10C and a convection coefficient of h=100 W/m
2 .
K.
Determine the heater power per unit length of tube required to
maintain the heater at T
o
=25C.
Week 3 ME309 27
Spherical Coordinates
Starting from Fouriers law, acknowledging that q
r
is constant,
independent of r, and assuming that k is constant, derive the
equation describing the conduction heat transfer rate.
What is the thermal resistance?
Fouriers law:
dr
dT
r k
dr
dT
kA q
r
) 4 (
2
t =
=
Week 3 ME309 28
( )
k
r r
R
r r
T T k
kC q
r r
T T
T C
r r
T T
C
r r T T r r T T
C
r
C
T
r
C
dr
dT
C
dr
dT
r
k
q
q
r
r
r
t

t
= t =

=
= = = =
+ = = = =
t

=
4
1 1
1 1
4
4
1
;
1 1
@ ; @
4
Constant ) 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
1 2
2 1
2 1
1
2 2 1 1
2
1
2
1
1
2
dr
dT
r k
dr
dT
kA q
r
) 4 (
2
t =
=
Week 3 ME309 29
Example (Problem 3.69 textbook)
One modality for destroying malignant tissue involves imbedding a
small spherical heat source of radius r
o
within the tissue and
maintaining local temperatures above a critical value T
c
for an
extended period. Tissue that is well removed from the source may be
assumed to remain at normal body temperature (T
b
=37C).
Obtain a general expression for the radial temperature distribution
in the tissue under steady-state conditions as a function of the heat
rate q.
If r
o
=0.5 mm, what heat rate must be supplied to maintain a tissue
temperature of T>T
c
=42C in the domain 0.5<r<5 mm? The tissue
thermal conductivity is approximately 0.5 W/m.K.
Week 3 ME309 30
Typical assumptions
o
r
i
r
( )
,
When , or 1D plat e assumpt ion is OK.
i o o i i o
r r r r r - =
( )
ln 1
ln /
2 2 2
o i
o i i
o i
i
r r
r r r
r r r
R
Lk Lk r Lk kA p p p

-

- D
= = = ;
For a cylinder
For a sphere
1 1 1 1
4 4 4
o i
i o i o i o
A
r r r
R
k r r k r r r r k p p p

- D


= - =





1442 443
Week 3 ME309 31
Conduction with Generation
Thermal energy may be generated or consumed due to conversion
from some other energy form.
If thermal energy is generated in the material at the expense of
some other energy form, we have a source: is
Deceleration and absorption of neutrons in a nuclear reactor
Exothermic reactions
Conversion of electrical to thermal energy:
V
R I
V
E
q
e
g
2
= =

where I is the current, R

e
the electrical
resistance, V the volume of the medium
If thermal energy is consumed we have a sink: is
Endothermic reactions
q

q
Week 3 ME309 32
The Plane Wall
Consider one-dimensional, steady-state conduction in a plane wall of
constant k, with uniform generation, and asymmetric surface
conditions:
Heat diffusion equation (eq. 2.3) :
0
2
2
= +
k
q
dx
T d

Boundary Conditions:
2 , 1 ,
) ( , ) (
s s
T L T T L T = =
General Solution:
2 1
2
2
C x C x
k
q
T + + =

Week 3 ME309 33
Temperature Profile
2 2
) (
1
2
) (
2 , 1 , 1 , 2 ,
2
2 2
s s s s
T T
L
x
T T
L
x
k
L q
x T
+
+

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Is temperature profile linear?
Is heat flux independent of x?
Is heat transfer rate constant?

What happens when ?

(3.3)
? 0 increases, , 0 < = q q q

Week 3 ME309 34
Symmetrical Distribution
When both surfaces are maintained at a
common temperature, T
s,1
= T
s,2
= T
s
s
T
L
x
k
L q
x T +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2 2
1
2
) (

? What is the location of the maximum
temperature?

2
max
max
) (
|
.
|

\
|
=

L
x
T T
T x T
s
(3.4a)
(3.4b)
Week 3 ME309 35
Symmetrical Distribution
Note that at the plane of symmetry:

0 q" 0
0
0
= =
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
x
x
dx
dT
Equivalent to adiabatic surface

Thermodynamic definition: A surface which
does NOT have heat interaction with the
environment.

In heat transfer LINGO:
Insulation boundary condition
Week 3 ME309 36
Calculation of surface temperature T
s


In equations (3.4a) and (3.4b) the surface temperature, T
s
is needed.
Boundary condition at the wall:





Substituting (dT/dx)x=L from





THINK ABOUT:
Can I still use circuit analogy?
What is the heat source in circuits?
) (

=
= T T h
dx
dT
k
s
L x

h
L q
T T
s

+ =

s
T
L
x
k
L q
x T +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2 2
1
2
) (

Week 3 ME309 37
Example (Problem 3.72 textbook)
A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity 25 W/m.K
having uniform volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW/m
3
is insulated
on one side, while the other side is exposed to a fluid at 92C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the fluid is
500 W/m
2
.K. Determine the maximum temperature in the wall.
Week 3 ME309 38
Radial Systems
Cylindrical (Tube) Wall Spherical Wall (Shell)
Solid Cylinder (Circular Rod) Solid Sphere
Week 3 ME309 39
Radial Systems
Heat diffusion equation in the r-
direction for steady-state conditions:
0
1
= +
|
.
|

\
|
k
q
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r

Boundary Conditions:
s o
r
T r T
dr
dT
= =
=
) ( , 0
0
Temperature profile:
s
o
o
T
r
r
k
r q
r T +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2 2
1
4
) (

L
h T ,

) )( 2 ( ) (
2

t = t T T L r h L r q
s o o

h
r q
T T
o
s
2

+ =

Calculation of surface temperature:
and
(3.6)
(3.7)
General Solution:
2 1
2
ln
4
) ( C r C r
k
q
r T + + =

Week 3 ME309 40
Example (Problem 3.84 textbook)
A cylindrical shell of inner and outer radii r
i
and r
o
, respectively, is
filled with a heat-generating material that provides a uniform
volumetric generation rate. The inner surface is insulated, while the
outer surface of the shell is exposed to a fluid with a convection
coefficient h.
a) Obtain an expression for the steady-state temperature distribution
T(r) in the shell.
b) Determine an expression for the heat rate q(r
o
) at the outer radius
of the shell in terms of the heat generation rate and the shell
dimensions
Remarks:
1. Is it ok to assume
insulation inside?
2. What is the q?
When is used?
Week 3 ME309 41
Extended Surfaces = Fins
An extended surface (also know as a combined conduction-convection
system or a fin) is a solid within which heat transfer by conduction is
assumed to be one dimensional, while heat is also transferred by
convection (and/or radiation) from the surface in a direction transverse
to that of conduction
Why is heat transfer by conduction in the x-direction
not, in fact, one-dimensional?

If heat is transferred from the surface to the fluid by
convection, what surface condition is dictated by the
conservation of energy requirement?

Week 3 ME309 42
Electronic heat sinks
Week 3 ME309 43
Suggested internet surfing


Look for fins under
electronic cooling,
heat sink, fin

Check out material,
dimensions, specs, and
thermal performance
heat resistance vs.
flow rate curves


Week 3 ME309 44
Nature and Rationale (Cont.)
How does q
cond,x
vary with x ?
When may the assumption of one-dimensional conduction is
good?

Extended surfaces may exist in many situations but are
commonly used as fins to enhance heat transfer by
increasing the surface area available for convection (and/or
radiation).
They are particularly beneficial when h is small, as for a gas
or natural convection
Typical configurations are




Straight fins of (a) uniform and (b) non-uniform cross
sections; (c) annular fin, and (d) pin fin of non-uniform
cross section.
Week 3 ME309 45
Assuming:
1D, steady-state conduction
constant conductivity, k,
uniform cross-sectional area, A
c

with no heat generation and radiation
the fin equation is (from the energy balance in differential c.v.)

For:



= T-T

reduced temperature

m
2
= hP/kA a positive number
Fin Equation
( ) 0
2
2
=

T T
kA
hP
dx
T d
x x+dx
q
x
A
q
x+dx
A
hP(T-T

)
hP(T-T

)
What is the solution?
0
2
2
2
= u
u
m
dx
d
Week 3 ME309 46
Solution to Fin Equation

Solution of the fin equation:
u = + =
u
=
u
+ = u = u
u

2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
2 1
2
2
2
: that Note
) ( 0
m e C m e C m
dx
d
e mC e mC
dx
d
e C e C x m
dx
d
mx mx
mx mx
mx mx
Week 3 ME309 47
Boundary conditions

(
x
)

Fin Cooling Rate:
( )
0
|
f
f c x A s
d
q kA h x dA
dx
u
u
=
= =
}
( )
0 , 65 . 2
0 /
) ( /
= u >
u =
= u
u = u
=
=
L
L
L x
L x
mL
L
dx d
L h dx kd
: fin Infinite IV)
: T Fixed III)
: Adiabatic II)
: Convection I)
Tip ( x = L) conditions
Base (x = 0) condition
( )
0
b b
T T u u

=
?
?
Conduction at the base of the fin
Convection from the surface of
the fin
Week 3 ME309 48
Performance Parameters
Fin Efficiency:
How is the efficiency affected by the thermal conductivity of the fin?
Expressions for
f
are provided in Table 3.5 for common geometries.

Fin Effectiveness:
,
f
f
c b b
q
hA
c
u

with , and /
f c
h k A P c | + | +
,
1
b
t f
f f f
R
q hA
u
q
=
Fin Resistance:
c
c
b f
f
f
f
f
mL
mL
hA
q
q
q
tanh
max ,
=
u
= q
m
2
= hP/kA
( )
1/ 2
2
2
2 / 2
f
A w L t
(
= +

( )
/ 2
p
A t L =
( )
( )
1
0
2
1
2
f
I mL
mL I mL
q =
I
1
and I
0
are Bessel
functions (pp. 937-938)
Varying fin cross-section (triangular fin) (see Section 3.6.4 for the solution)
Week 3 ME309 49
Fin Arrays
Total Surface Area:

A
t
= N A
f
+ A
base

N : Number of fins
A
f
: Fins surface area
A
base
: Exposed base area
Representative arrays of
(a) rectangular and
(b) annular fins.
( )
1 1
f
o f
t
NA
A
q q =
Overall efficiency
,
b
t f f b b b o t b
t o
q N hA hA hA
R
u
q u u q u = + =
Total heat rate:
,
1
b
t o
t o t
R
q hA
u
q
= =
and resistance
Week 3 ME309 50
( )
( ) ,
b
t t b o c
t o c
q hA
R
u
q u = =
Effect of Surface
Contact Resistance:
( )
1
1 1
f f
o c
t
NA
A C
q
q
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
1 , ,
1 /
f f t c c b
C hA R A q
''
= +
( )
( )
,
1
t o c
t o c
R
hA q
=
,
1
b
t o
t o t
R
q hA
u
q
= =
Equivalent Thermal Circuit :
( )
1 1
f
o f
t
NA
A
q q =
Equivalent circuit
Week 3 ME309 51
Problem 3.132: Determination of maximum allowable power
q
c
for a 20mm x 20mm electronic chip whose temperature,
T
C
is not to exceed 85
o
C, when the chip is attached to an air-
cooled heat sink with N=11 fins of prescribed dimensions.

T = 20 C
o
oo
Air
k = 180 W/m-K
T = 85 C
c
o
t,c
R = 2x10 m -K/W
-6 2
h = 100 W/m -K
2
L = 15 mm
f
L = 3 mm
b
W = 20 mm
S o = 1.8 mm
t T
c
q
c
R
t,c
R
t,b
R
t,o
T
oo
Assumptions:
1. Steady-state
2. One-dimensional heat transfer
3. Isothermal chip
4. Negligible heat transfer from top surface of chip
5. Negligible temperature rise for air flow,
6. Uniform convection coefficient associated with air flow through
channels and over outer surface of heat sink
7. Negligible radiation.
Problem: Chip Heat Sink
Week 3 ME309 52
Analysis: (a) From the thermal circuit,
f
f
f
tanh mL 0.824
0.704
mL 1.17
= = = q
q
o
= 0.719,
R
t,o
= 2.00 K/W, and

( )
( )
c
85 20 C
q 31.8 W
0.005 0.042 2.00 K/ W

= =
+ +
Problem: Chip Heat Sink (cont.)
1
c c
c
tot t,c t,b t,o
T T T T
q
R R R R


= =
+ +
( )
2 6 2 2
t,c t,c
R R / W 2 10 m K/ W/ 0.02m 0.005 K/ W

''
= = =
( )
f
t,o o f t f b
o t t
NA 1
R , 1 1 , A NA A
h A A
= = = + q q
q
( )
2
t, b b
R L / k W =
( ) W/ m K
2
0.003m/ 180 0.02m 0.042 K/ W = =
Week 3 ME309 53
Comments:
1. The heat sink significantly increases the allowable heat
dissipation.
2. If it were not used and heat was simply transferred by
convection from the surface of the chip with

h = 100 W/m
2
K, R
tot
= 2.05 K/W



from Part (a) would be replaced by

R
cnv
= 1/hw
2
= 25 K/W, yielding q
c
= 2.60 W



Problem: Chip Heat Sink (cont.)
Week 3 ME309 54
Problem: Turbine Blade Cooling
Problem 3.116: Assessment of cooling scheme for gas turbine blade.
Determination of whether blade temperatures are less
than the maximum allowable value (1050 C) for
prescribed operating conditions and evaluation of blade
cooling rate.
Assumptions:
1. One-dimensional,
steady-state conduction
in blade,
2. Constant k,
3. Adiabatic blade tip,
4. Negligible radiation.
-

= 47.87 m
-1

With the maximum temperature existing at x=L, Eq. 3.75 yields
( )
b
T L T
1
T T cosh mL

( )
( )
1/ 2
1/ 2
2 4 2
c
m hP/kA 250W/m K 0.11m/20W/m K 6 10 m

= =
mL = 47.87 m
- 1


0.05 m = 2.39
Where is the maximum temperature?
Week 3 ME309 55
From Table B.1, . Hence,
coshmL=5.51
and, subject to the assumption of an adiabatic tip, the operating
conditions are acceptable.
Eq. 3.76 and Table B.1 yield
Hence,
Comments: Radiation losses from the blade surface contribute to
reducing the blade temperatures, but what is the effect of assuming
an adiabatic tip condition? Calculate the tip temperature allowing for
convection from the gas.
( )
1200 300 1200 5 51 1037 = + = T L C ( ) C/ . C
( )
f
q MtanhmL 517W 0.983 508W = = =
b f
q q 508W = =
Problem: Turbine Blade Cooling
Week 3 ME309 56
CONCLUSION
Make sure
Read Chh 1 - 3
Go over the summary section at the end of each Chapter

IMPORTANT HIGHLIGHTS
1. Geometry is important: cylindrical vs. plane
When can you assume cylindrical or spherical conduction as planar?
2. Thermal resistance
3. Contact resistance
4. Overall heat transfer coefficient (an overall h!)
5. Critical insulation thickness
6. Fins
a. Purpose
b. Effectiveness
c. Efficiency
d. Resistance