Person - Centered Theory

 nondirective to client centered person

centered group - centered person to person

Therapy V.S. Theory He didnt like the idea of making theories because it

implies finality.

Kevin Rebolledo

 He used Empirical research for his study. Follows the if then framework

IF certain conditions exists, then a process will occur; if this process occurs, then certain outcomes can be expected (Feist & Feist, 2009)

Kevin Rebolledo

Organism Phenomenological Field Self

Kevin Rebolledo

The organism, psychologically conceived, is the locus of all experience ( Hall and Lindzey, 1957).
It is the total organism.
Experience:
Includes everything potentially available to awareness.

The Organism has one basic tendency it is striving to

actualize, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism (Limpinco, ___)

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Portions of the organismic self may be beyond the persons awareness or simply not owned by the person ( Feist & Feist, 2009).

Kevin Rebolledo

 The individuals frame of reference that can only be

known to the person.

Subjective Perception the persons point-of-view Not identical to the Field of Consciousness.

Kevin Rebolledo

What enables people to separate fact from fiction in their subjective world ( Hall & Lindzey, 1998)?
The Great Paradox of Phenomenology:

A persons experience is not reality. Experiences are

tentative hypothesis about reality that may be true or not.

This hypothesis can only be answered by testing. Example: Salting his food
Kevin Rebolledo

I began my work with the settled notion that the self was a vague, ambiguous, scientifically meaningless term which had gone out of the psychologists vocabulary with the departure of the introspectionists (Rogers, 1959)
Rogers realized during his practice that the self is an

important element in the experience of the client.

The goal of the client is to be his/her REAL SELF.

Kevin Rebolledo

Organized pattern of perceptions that includes those parts of the phenomenal field discriminated by the individual as self, me, or I (Rogers, 1959).
A major structural concept in Rogers Theory. Hall and Lindzey (1957), said that the concept self is

the attitudes or the feelings of a person about himself.

Fluid and changing.
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 Ideal Self Qualities which are usually positive that the

person wants or wishes to possess.

It is who the person wants to be. Incongruence

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Kevin Rebolledo

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 Formative Tendency

Rogers (1978, 1980) believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms (Feist & Feist, 2009)
It is when a simple form evolves into a more

complex form. Example: Babies being delivered by storks -> reproduction.

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 The tendency within all humans to move toward

completion on fulfillment of potentials.

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 Maintenance is similar to the lower steps on

Maslows hierarchy of needs.

Enhancement This need to be more, to develop and

to achieve growth. The need for enhancing the self is seen un peoples willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding.

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Enhancement needs are expressed in variety if forms:

Curiosity Playfulness

Self-exploration
Friendship Confidence

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 Individuals perceive their experiences as reality, and

they know their reality better than anyone else.

Do not need to be:
Directed Controlled Exhorted/ manipulated

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 Other animals and even plants have inherent tendency

to grow toward reaching their genetic potential provided certain conditions are present.

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 People must be involved in a relationship with partner:

who is congruent or authentic who demonstrates empathy and unconditional positive regard.

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Infants begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as I or me experiences

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 Aware of their identity

Taste: good- bad Feels: pleasant not

Evaluate experiences

Positive - Negative

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 Self-actualization is the tendency to actualize the

self as perceived in awareness.

Actualization tendency refers to the organismic

experiences of the individual.

Whole person conscious and unconscious, physiological

and cognitive.

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 Includes all those aspects of ones being and ones

experiences that are perceived in awareness by the individual. Not identical with the organismic self.

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 ones view of self as one wishes to be.

Contains all those attributes, usually positive, that

people aspire to possess. A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality.

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 The symbolic representation of some portion of our

experience

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Concepcion Patulin
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Rogers focused upon the ways in which evaluations of an individual by others, particularly during childhood, tend to favor distancing between experiences of the organism and experiences of the self.

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 If the evaluations are positive in sign

(unconditional positive regard), then no distancing or incongruity between organism and self would occur.
Self-regard would be unconditional

The individual will continue to be

psychologically adjusted & fully functioning.

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 If the evaluation of the childs behavior is

sometimes positive and sometimes negative

the child would know the difference between

actions and feelings that are worthy (approved) or unworthy (disapproved).

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 If more and more of the true values of a

person are replaced by values taken over or borrowed from others, yet which are perceived as being ones own.
The person will feel tense, uncomfortable

and he will feel as if he does not really know what he is and what he wants.
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The altered perceptions arising from the conditions of worth that the individual departs from the integration which characterizes his infant stage is the basic estrangement in man.

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He has not been true to himself, to his own natural organismic valuing of experience, but for the sake of preserving the positive regard of othersto perceive them only in terms based upon their value to others. (Rogers, 1959)

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1.

Growing openness to experience - they move away from defensiveness and have no need for subception Increasingly existential lifestyle - not distorting the moment to fit personality or self concept but allowing personality and self concept to emanate from the experience.

2.

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3.

Increasing organismic trust - they trust their own judgment and their ability to choose behavior that is appropriate for each moment.

4.

Freedom of choice - not being shackled by the restrictions that influence an incongruent individual

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5.

Creativity - it follows that they will feel more free to be creative. Reliability and constructiveness - they can be trusted to act constructively. A rich full life - the life of the fully functioning individual as rich, full and exciting.
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6.

5.

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Psychopathology develops when a person concerns him/herself with the expectations and evaluations of others instead of focusing on self-actualization

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Incongruence 2. Defensiveness 3. Disorganization

1.

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 Introject the values of others with the belief that they

can only be accepted if they meet other peoples expectations and approval
Disregard own and look beyond ourselves for guidance

and direction tend to be incongruent or out of balance

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 gap between the real self and the ideal self, the I

am and the I should

fail to recognize organismic experiences as self-

experience
Leads to discrepant and inconsistent behaviors

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The conditions (external evaluations) put on them by those around them make it necessary for them to give up their genuine, authentic lives to meet with the approval of others.

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 VULNERABILITY
Greater the incongruence, more vulnerable
Unaware of the incongruence

ANXIETY AND THREAT

Awareness of incongruence

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 Protection of the self concept against anxiety and

threat
Defense mechanisms: Distortion
misinterpret an experience to fit into self concept Not understand true meaning

Denial
Refuse to perceive an experience in awareness

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 Defensive behaviors reduce the consciousness of

the threat but not the threat itself. As the threats increase:
the work of protecting the self concept becomes more

difficult the individual becomes more defensive and rigid in their self structure.

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 Self unable to defend itself against threatening

experiences
Disorganized behaviors resulting from incongruence

between the self and experience

Behavior is still consistent with the self-concept but

this self-concept has already been shattered

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Client-Centered Therapy

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 Follows an if-then framework

Conditions Process Outcomes

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 Counselor Congruence (Genuineness ) Spontaneity, openness, authenticity

Unconditional Positive Regard Convey non-possessive warmth Empathic Listening Sees the world through the clients eyes

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 To be congruent means to be real or genuine, to be

whole or integrated, to be what one truly is

Congruent counselors:
Have feelings that are neither denied nor distorted Aware and honest of such feelings Freely express themselves Wear no mask

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 Need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another

person
Therapists with unconditional positive regard:
Actively involved in a relationship with the client Warm, positive, accepting attitude without regard to the clients behavior Do not evaluate clients

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 Feeling with a client (the ability to understand and share

the feelings of another)

Emphatic therapists:
Accurately sense the feelings of their clients Able to communicate these perceptions No judgments Permit the client to be a separate person

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Release of personal feelings (emotional catharsis)

followed by insight into the origin and nature of the difficulties

concluding with the application of the insights to positive choices and decisions
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 Stage 1: Relationship to Feelings and Personal

Meanings
Feelings are unrecognized or unexpressed

Feelings are experienced freely in the immediate

moment

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 Stage 2: Manner of Experiencing

Individual is remote from experiencing Experience is an accepted referent

Stage 3: Degree of Incongruence

Individual is unaware of contradictory self-statements Individual is able to recognize temporary moments of

incongruence

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 Stage 4: Communication of Self

Individual avoids revealing himself Individual experiences his self and is able to communicate

his self-awareness
Stage 5: Manner in which Experience is Construed
Individual has rigid constructs which he accepts as facts Constructs are recognized to be ways of interpreting a

moment of experiencing and are open to change

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 Stage 6: Relationship to Problems

Problems not recognized or perceived to be external to

self; individual is closed to change

Individual lives his problem and seeks to cope with it

Stage 7: Manner of Relating

Close relationships avoided as dangerous Individual risks being himself in the process of relating

to others

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 The basic outcomes of client-centered counselling are

congruent clients who are open to experience and who have no need to be defensive.

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 Person of tomorrow is a concept that describes a fully

functional person. There are three necessary and sufficient conditions: congruence, unconditionally positive regard and empathy are optimal

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 More adaptable they are the person that would be

more likely to survive -this person can realize that conformity and and adjustment to a fixed condition

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 Open to their experiences- are persons of awareness

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 Trust in their organismic selves- their are the person

who would not want to depend on other people

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 Live fully in the moment their are the person who are

open for new experience

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 Harmonious relation to others they are the persons

who would feel no need to be liked or to beloved by everyone because they know that they were unconditionally recognize and accepted by someone.

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 Integrated- they would see clearly the difference what

is and what shou;d be; they bridge the gap of their real self and their identity and they are confident of who they are

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 Basic trust of human nature- people who doesn't harm

for personal gain and just being human.

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If you obtain the six characteristics of a person of tomorrow you would enjoy greater richness in life than do other people, they would feel more deeply than other, thus will live in the present and participate more richly in ongoing events

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 Clearer picture of themselves and a more

realistic view of the world.

People who are realistic have more accurate

view of their potentials

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 Clients experience less physiological and

psychological tension, are less vulnerable to threat and have less anxiety
They becoming more accepting of others,

make fewer demands, and simply allow other to be themselves.

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 Moderate in generating research

High on falsification
High on organization Low on guiding for solution

High on internal consistency

Middle in parsimonius

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 free choice vs deterministic- free choice

Optimistic vs pessimistic- optimistic

Casuality vs teleology teleology Conscious vs unconscious- conscious

Biological vs social social

Uniqueness vs similarities-uniqueness

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