AGNEL POLYTECHNIC, Vashi

WEL COME TO TECHNOCRATZ 2010

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

Presentation By :

Rathod Nikesh D. VIIth sem, Civil

svkms Shri Bhagubhai Mafatlal Polytechnic Vile Parle (w), Mumbai 400 052.

Contents
Introduction Earthquake & Effects
Definition Causes of Earthquakes Types of Seismic Waves Intensity of Earthquakes Effects of Earthquakes

Gujarat Earthquake 2001

Remedial Measure

Contents
Introduction Earthquake & Effects
Definition Causes of Earthquakes Types of Seismic Waves Intensity of earthquakes Effects of earthquakes Gujarat Earthquake 2001

Remedial measure
Earthquake Resistant Structures Seismic Design & Seismic Vibration Control Design Earthquake Constructions

Conclusion Reference

Introduction
Earthquakes Natural disaster Flood, Tornado, Hurricane, Volcanic eruption

Earthquakes & Effects

Definition
An Earthquake is a sudden shake of the Earth's crust caused by the tectonic plates colliding. (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor)

Causes of Earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by stresses below the earth's outer surface along a "fault plane." This causes vibrations, also known as seismic waves. Earthquakes can be caused by volcanoes in certain cases

Types of Seismic waves

The faster of Earthquake body waves is called the primary or P wave

The slower wave through the body of rock is called the secondary or S wave, it shears the rock sideways at right angles to the direction of travel

Types of Seismic waves

The first surface wave is called a Love wave, The horizontal shaking of Love waves is particuly damaging to the foundations of structures The second type of surface wave is known as a Rayleigh wave, and move both vertically and horizontally in a vertical plane

Intensity of Earthquakes
severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate and strong Frequency of Occurrence of Earthquakes
(Based on United States Geological Survey on Richter Scale)

Magnitude
8 and higher 7 - 7.9 6 - 6.9 5 - 5.9 4 - 4.9 3 - 3.9 2 - 2.9

Average Annually
1 15 134 1319 13,000 130,00 1,300,000

Effects of Earthquakes
Ground Motion
When seismic waves reach the surface of the earth at such places, they give rise to what is known as strong ground motion. Strong ground motions causes buildings and other structures to move and shake in a variety of complex ways

Ground Failure
Ground failure may be in a various forms: cracking and fissuring and weakening, sinking

Effects of Earthquakes
Ground Sliding & Tiliting
Ground Tilting Sometimes, due to earthquake, there is tilting action in the ground. This causes plain land to tilt, causing excessive stresses on buildings, resulting in damage to buildings

Differential Settlement
If a structure is built upon soil which is not homogeneous, then there is differential settlement, with some part of the structure sinking more than other. This induces excessive stresses and causes cracking

Gujarat Earthquake 2001

January 26,2001, Location : Gujarat, India Time : 3:16 Fatalities : 20,085 Intensity : 7.7 on the Richter scale injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes. 21 districts were affected and 600,000 people left homeless.

Gujarat Earthquake 2001

The quake destroyed around 90% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj

as many as 50 multi-storied buildings collapsed

Total property damage was estimated at $5.5 billion ( cr In Indian Currency)

Gujarat Earthquake 2001

Remedial Measures

Earthquake dont kill people

Earthquake dont kill people

Buildings Do

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Building designed to prevent total collapse, preserve life, and minimize damage in case of an earthquake or tremor is known as Earthquake resisting structures. Earthquake Resistant Structures, Can be Achieved by Either

Seismic Design or Earthquake Construction

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Seismic Design & Seismic vibration control
As per IS 1893 : 1984, which is the key code for the design of all Earthquake resistant structures, has added new dimensions to the present scenario, and its relevance in designing earthquake-resistant structures
Seismic vibration control It is a set of vibration control devices which resist the seismic waves enter a superstructure, in order to control the damaging effects by, Energy Dissipate

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Dry-stone walls control
The people Inca Civilizations were Build the Structures Without, Mortar by placing stones tightly. During earthquakes it works as the energy dissipaters Example : Dry-stone walls of Machu Picchu Temple of the Sun, Peru

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Lead Rubber Bearing

LRB is a type of base isolation employing a heavy damping, it is often considered a valuable source of suppressing vibrations thus enhancing a building's seismic performance Example :
New Zealand Parliament Buildings have been fitted with the bearings & In India, Gujarat ,Bhuj Civil Hospital is Designed with the Base isolation Footing.

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Tuned mass damper
The tuned mass dampers are huge concrete blocks mounted in skyscrapers or other structures and moved in opposition to the resonance frequency oscillations of the structures by means of some sort of spring mechanism Example : Taipei 101 skyscraper needs to withstand typhoon winds and earthquake tremors .

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Simple roller bearing
It is a base isolation device which is intended for protection of various building and non-building structures against potentially damaging lateral impacts of strong earthquakes Example : It has been employed under the name of Metallic Roller Bearing for a housing complex (17 stories) in Tokyo, Japan.

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Hysteretic damper Springs-with-damper base isolator Building elevation control

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Earthquake Construction Adobe structures
One half of the world's population lives or works in the buildings made of earth. Adobe type of mud bricks is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. It is considered as very vulnerable at strong quakes.

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Timber frame structures
The use of timber framing in buildings provides their complete skeletal framing which offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, it giveas better seismic survivability. Mainly it survive during the earthquakes waves passing, through the ground surface.

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Reinforced concrete structures
It is a concrete in which steel reinforcement bars have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle To prevents catastrophic collapse the frame joints should be Ductile

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Steel structures
Steel structures are considered mostly earthquake resistant. But due to the Brittle behavior of steel, it fails under the earthquakes effects.

Earthquake Resistant Structures

Reinforced masonry structures
To achieve a ductile behavior of masonry, it is necessary that the shear strength of the wall is greater than the tensile strength of reinforcement to ensure a kind of bending failure

Conclusion

Conclusion
The design and construction of earthquakeresistant structures require more stringent and concerted actions, both from structural engineers and contractors, in terms of detailed design drawings, quality control in construction at all levels and supervision of work. If the workmanship is bad, such structures will not be durable, and will deteriorate even before an earthquake strikes.

Reference

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