Leadership

A Leadership Story:
A group of workers and their leaders are set a task
of clearing a road through a dense jungle on a remote island to get to the coast. The leaders organise the labour into efficient units and monitor the distribution and use of capital assets progress is excellent. The leaders continue to monitor and evaluate progress, making adjustments along the way to ensure the progress is maintained and efficiency increased wherever possible. Then, one day, one person climbs up a nearby tree. The person surveys the scene from the top of the tree.

A Leadership Story:
And shouts down to the assembled
group belowWrong Way! (Story adapted

from Stephen Covey (2004) The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People Simon & Schuster).

Management is doing things right,

(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)

leadership is doing the right things

You do not lead by hitting people over the head that's assault, not leadership. Dwight D. Eisenhower

What is Leadership?
The ability to influence a group through communication the activities of others, individually or as a group, toward the accomplishment of worthwhile, meaningful, and challenging goals Is the process, where a person exerts influence over others and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to achieve goals

Effective leadership increases the firms ability to meet new challenges

Managers v/s Leaders

Managers

The exercise of influence is the essence of leadership behavior and the major difference between leaders and managers- Kotter

Maintain Focus on systems & structure Rely on control Short-range view - bottom line Ask how and when Accept the status quo Do things right

Leaders

Develop Focus on people Inspire trust Long-range view - the horizon Ask what and why Challenge the status quo Do the right things

Approaches to Understanding Leadership

The three main approaches or
Trait Theory Behavioral Theory Contingency Theory

theories used to define, measure, theorize, and study leadership are:

Leadership Theories
Trait Theories
Stogdill (1974), Bass (1990), Gilbert (1975) Behavioral Theories Leadership styles System 4 management (Likert, 1967) Managerial grid Continuum of leadership behavior Contingency Theories Fiedlers Contingency Theory (1967) Situational Leadership theory (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson) Vroom-Yetton Expectancy model (1973) House-Mitchell Path-Goal theory (1974)

Trait Theories
Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?
Personality? Dominance and personal presence? Charisma? Self confidence? Achievement? Ability to formulate a clear vision?

Trait Theories
Sought to identify personal characteristics responsible for effective leadership Traits do appear to be connected to effective leadership. Many traits are the result of skills and knowledge. Consider personality, social, physical, or intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Trait Theories
Trait theory states that the secret of leadership is found in
terms of six general categories of traits Physicalage, height, weight, etc. Backgroundeducation, class, mobility, experience, etc. Intelligenceability, judgment, knowledge, etc. Personalityaggressiveness, alertness, dominance, charisma, etc. Task-relatedachievement, responsibility, initiative, etc. Socialsupervisory ability, cooperativeness, tact, etc.

Trait Theories
Effective leaders are often
more intelligent, dependable, responsible, active and participative socially with higher socioeconomic status act more often in different ways, or the same way to different degrees in some activities? give out & ask for more information make more frequent interpretations of events

Limitations of Trait Theories

No universal traits found that predict
leadership in all situations. Non-leaders often possess the same traits as leaders. Not all effective leaders possess all these traits Unclear evidence of the cause and effect of relationship of leadership and traits.

Behavioral Theory of Leadership

Behavioral theory focuses on the

behavior of leaderswhat do effective leaders do that ineffective ones dont

Task-orientedleader primarily concerned with the work Person-orientedleader concerned with human aspects of the group Task v/s person oriented

Behavioral Theory of Leadership

Combination of task- and person-oriented
one best way to lead requires a balance between the two Two-Dimensional Theoryinitiating structure and consideration Managerial Grid Theory81 leadership styles, but 9,.9team management is best

The Managerial Grid

Trait versus Behavioral Theories

Trait theory:
Leaders are born, not made.

Behavioral theory:
Leadership traits can be taught.

Contingency Theory of Leadership

Effective leadership behavior is contingent

upon the situation, i.e., effective leadership depends on the interaction of the leaders personal characteristics, the leaders behavior, and factors in the leadership situation Leadership as being more flexible different leadership styles used at different times depending on the circumstance. Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of characteristics that can be transposed into different contexts

Continuum of Leadership Behavior

Boss-centred Follower-centred

use of authority by leader decision making & action freedom for followers
Tells Sells Suggests Consults Joins Delegates Abdicates

Continuum based on situational factors: value system, wants, confidence, willingness.

Thank You

Task and People-oriented

Task concerns
Plans and defines work to be done Assigns task responsibilities Sets clear work standards Urges task completion Monitors performance results

People concerns
Acts warm and supportive toward followers Develops social rapport with followers Respects the feelings of followers Is sensitive to followers needs Shows trust in followers
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