muchhala polytechnic

Topic : MULTIPLEXING Sub:PP5

prathmesh nikumbh

Presented by

Introduction of multiplexing
Multiplexing is process of simultaneously transmitting two or more individual signals over a single communication channel. Due to multiplexing its possible to increase the no. of communication channels so that more information can be transmitted. The typical application of multiplexing are in telemetry and telephony or in the satellite communication

Diagram of multiplexing

Concept of multiplexing
The concept of a simple multiplexer is shown in fig. The multiplexer receives a large no. of different I/P signals. Multiplexer has only one O/P which is connected to the single communication channel. The multiplexer combines all I/P signals into single composite signal and transmits it over the communication.

Classification of multiplexing
Multiplexing

techniques can be broadly classified into two categories namely analog and digital . Analog either multiplexing can be FDM or WDM and digital multiplexing in TDM.

Frequency division multiplexing

FDM is the multiplexing technique in which many signals are sent simultaneously (at the same time) in time domain but are separated from each other in frequency domain (i.e. they occupy different slots in the freq. spectrum) The FDM is based on the concept of sharing bandwidth of common communication channel. The signals which are to be transmitted simultaneously will each modulated a separate carrier. The modulation can be AM, SSB, FM or PM. The modulation signals are then added together to form a complex signal which is transmitted over a single channel.

FDM hierachy

Multiplexing Hierachy in FDM

One of the important application of the FDM system is the telephone system . here each telephone signal is in the range of 300 to 3000hz. These voice channels modulate different sub carriers . These modulated sub carriers are then added together. As the no. of telephony channel is very large the multiplexing process is repeated at serveral levels.

Advantages of FDM
A

large no. of signals can be transmitted simultaneously. FDM does not need synchronization between its transmitter and receiver for proper operation. de-modulation of FDM is easy. Due to slow narrow band fading only a single channel gets affected.

Dis-advantages of FDM
The

communication channel must have a very large bandwidth. Inter modulation distortion takes place. Large no. of modulators and filters are required

Application of FDM
Telephone

systems AM and FM radio broadcasting TV broadcasting First generation of cellular phones used FDM

Wave length division multiplexing

WDM

is the variation of FDM for fiber optic channels

 As

shown in fig. fibers come together at a prism ,each having energy in a different band .after passing through the prism .beams are combined onto a single shared fiber .for transmission to a distance destination , where they are split again. Channels having different freq. ranges can be multiplexed and long fiber. The only difference with electrical FDM is completely passive and thus highly relible.

Various topologies in WDM system

WDM

chain network Its uses a series of add-drop multiplexers. A single fiber is used to connect the adjacent multiplexers a , b , c and d. Each fiber contains a set of four wave lenght . they can be inserted or removed in order to established a uni-directional communication link. Thus a has a link to b , c as well as d, semi largely b has link to c and d, c has link only to d.

 WDM

ring network

There

are three nodes a , b and c which are optically to each other by three optical fibers which carry three wave length. At each node two wave lengths are removed and two are introduced. This is necessary to connect each pair of nodes b y each information stream flowing in one wave lenght.

Time division multiplexing

The

process called multiplexing is used in order to utilize common transmission channel or medium to transmitted are not transmitted simultaneously. Instead they are transmitted one by one Thus each signal will be transmitted for a very short time . One cycle or frame is said to be complete when all the signals are transmitted once on the transmission It is suitable for the digital signal multiplexing

Inverse TDM
Inverse

multiplexing is exactly opp. To multiplexing It has one I/P and many O/P. it takes the I/P data from one high speed line and breaks it into smaller portions . The inverse multiplexing is useful when we wish to send data , audio , video each of which reg. a different data rate.

Advantages of TDM
Full

available channel bandwidth can be utilized for each channel. Inter modulation distortion is absent. TDM circuitary is not very complex. The problem of crosstalk is nos. severe

Dis-advantages of TDM
Synchronization

is essential for proper

opration Due to slow narrow band fading all the TDM channels may get wiped out.

Application of TDM
For

multiplexing of digital signals For multiplexing of digitized speech signal Statistical multiplexing .

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