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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION SOURCES OF NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS:SOURCE OF ELECTRON SOURCE OF CARBON SOURCE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS, SULPHUR AND OXYGEN TRACE ELEENTS VITAMINS WATER CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT SUMMARY REFERENCES

::- INTRODUCTION -::

Prokaryotes as well as other forms of life need nutrients 1) To grow & reproduce 2) To generate energy for the Biosynthesis of cell constituents. Transport of nutrients Cell movement.
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What is Prokaryotes?
Pro
Primitive Types

Karyotes
Nucleus

Organism which have primitive type of Nucleus is known as PROKARYOTES.

Prokaryotes lack of Nuclear membrane . All type of nuclear material is free floating in 4 cytoplasm.

Nutritional Requirements in Prokaryotes can be fulfilled by following chemical compounds Source of electron Source of carbon Source of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur and oxygen Trace elements Source of vitamins Source of water

Classification Based on Energy Source

Prokaryotes

Phototrophs e.g. Lower Algae & three Small groups of bacteria Gram ve, flagellated, strict Anaerobes

Chemotrophs
e.g. E. coli, P. pseudoflava

Classification Based on Carbon Source

Prokaryotes

Autotrophs e.g. Lower Algae & few species of bacteria

Heterotrophs e.g E.coli

Classification Based on Carbon & Energy Source

Prokaryotes

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Photoautotrophs or Photolithotrophs E.g. Lower Algae and certain bacteria

Chemohetrotrophs Chemoautotrophs Photohetrotrophs or or or Chemolithotrophs Photoorganotrophs Chemoorganotrophs e.g. E.coli e.g. Nitrosomonas e.g. R.rubrum

Classification Based on the Sources of Electron donor

Prokaryotes

Lithotrophs They utilize reduced Inorganic compound

Organotrophs They utilize reduced Organic compound

Sources of Nitrogen Phosphorous,Sulphur and Oxygen

Nitrogen
Atmospheric N2, Inorganic N2 compounds such as NO2, No3 or ommonium salts & some reduce Nitrate ---- Ammonia Needed for synthesis of Amino Acids, purines, Pyrimidines etc

Phosphorous
Inorganic phosphate as phosphorous source As supplied in form of PO4 essential component of N.A., phospholipids etc. Low phosphate level actually limit microbial growth in aquatic environment.

Sulfur
Required in organic form as it is structural component of A.A. (eg. Cystine, methionine) & vitamins Beside this some use inorganic sulfur while some use essential sulfur. While some se essential sulfur.

Oxygen
It is obtained from H2O from component atoms of various nutrients or molecular O2. Some bacteria are aerobes and some are anaerobes.
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Trace Elements
Also known as MICRONUTRIENTS e.g. K+, Ca+2, Mg+2,Fe+2, Zn+2,Mo+2,Co+2,Cl-

NAME
Potassium Calcium Magnesium Zinc

SYMBOL
K+ Ca+2 Mg+2 Zn+2

SIGNIFICANCE
Require for enzyme & protein Require to stabilize cell wall Require for co-factor for many enzymes Present of the active site of some enzyme

Iron
Molybdenum Copper Chlorine

Fe+2
Mo+2 Cu+2 Cl-

Key component of e-carrier proteins in ETC.

Require for N2 fixation Component of plastocyanine Helps in Photolysis of H2O

Cobalt

Co+2

Component of Vit. B12

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::- VITAMINS - :: Generally vitamins are synthesized from other compounds, a few others will not grow without the supply of required vitamins Vitamins
Thiamine(B1) Ribo flavin Niacin Pyridoxine (B4) Biotin Pathothenic Acid Folie Acid Cobalamine (B12) Vitamin K

Species exhibiting requirements

Bailluls anthracis Clostridium tetani Brucella abortus Lactobacillus spp. Leuconostoc mesenteroides Horganellsmorganil Leuconostoc dextranicum Lactobacillus spp Bacteroidesmelaminogenicus

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WATER

Mostly all of the prokaryotes need water for their growth. Water is needed much for the prokaryotes for all nutrients be in aqueous solution before they can enter the cells.
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SUMMARY
Thus seeing the above versatility in nutrition one can say that this versatility will lead to diversity in prokaryotes.

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REFERANCE
Mani. A. Selvaraj M.A. , Narayanan M.L., Arumugam N; Microbiology (General & Aplied); Saras Publication; 215 225 Powar C.B, Daginawala F.H; General Microbiology; Volume II; 421 431 Prescott,Harley Klein;Microbiology; 95-100 Schlegel G.H;General Microbiology; seventh edition;193-196
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